The

Integumentary
System
 Organs are two or more tissues which together
perform a specialized function.

Epithelialmembranes are thin structures that

usually contain both epithelial and connective
tissue.
Three types of epithelial
membranes
Serous Membranes
Line cavities and cover organs
Simple squamous epi. over loose
connective tissue
Parietal and visceral portions
Secrete a serous (watery) fluid for
lubrication
 Mucous membranes
Line cavities that open to the exterior
Layer of epithelium over connective tissue;
epithelium varies with location
Tight junctions and goblet cells
Cutaneous membrane is the skin
the major organ of the integumentary system
 Integumentary system is the skin and the organs
derived from it (hair, glands, nails)
One of the largest organs
2 square meters; 10-11 lbs.
Largest sense organ in the body
The study of the skin is Dermatology
 Functions:
1. Regulation of body temperature
Cellular metabolism produces heat as a waste
product .
High temperature
Dilatesurface blood vessels
Sweating

Low temperature
Surface vessels constrict
shivering
2. Protection
physical abrasion
dehydration
ultraviolet radiation
3. Sensation
touch
vibration
pain
temperature
4. Excretion

5. Immunity/ Resistance

6. Blood Reservoir
8-10 % in a resting adult

7. Synthesis of vitamin D
uv light
aids absorption of calcium
Anatomy
Epidermis Skin
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
Epidermis
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
Single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells
Stem cells that produce keratinocytes
Melanocytes - # the same for all races
Melanin produced in a melanosome
 Stratum spinosum (thorn-like, prickly)
8-10 layers attached by desmosomes
See spines when cell is stained for microscopy
Keratinocytes take in melanin by cytocrine secretion
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers
Keratinization begins here
Keratohyalin found in granules
Cells beginning to die
Stratum lucidum (lucid = clear)
More apparent in thick skin
3-5 layers of clear cells
Eleidin
Stratum corneum (corneum means
horny)
Dead, flat cells full of keratin
Keratin is waterproof
Cells are shed

Basal cell to surface about 2-4 weeks

 Dermis
Connective tissue layer
Collagen and elastic fibers, nerves, blood vessels,
muscle fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles and
glands.
Papillary layer
1/5 of dermis loose areolar connective tissue
Highly vascular
Dermal papillae - fingerprints
 Reticular (net) layer
Dense irregular connective tissue
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Hair follicles
Ducts of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Striae or stretch marks
Meissners corpuscles and Pacinian
corpuscles
Hypodermis
Attaches the reticular layer to the
underlying organs
Loose connective tissue and adipose
tissue
Major blood vessels rete cutaneum
Accessory organs or
epidermal derivatives
Hairs
Epidermal growths that function in
protection
Shaft, root, and folllicle
Sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscle,
and hair root plexus (touch)
Hair growth and replacement have a
cyclical pattern
male-pattern baldness
Nails
Plates of highly packed, keratinized cells
Protection, scratching, & manipulation
Formed by cells in nail bed called the
matrix ( in area of lunula)
1 mm / week
Eponychium - cuticle
Skin Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Usually connected to hair follicles
Holocrine glands
Fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts,
and cell debris
Moistens hair and waterproofs skin
 Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Eccrinesweat glands
Merocrine glands
Water, salt, wastes
Function is to cool the body (also
nervous)

Apocrine sweat glands

Larger, merocrine glands
Associated with hair follicles
More viscous fatty acids and proteins
Odor occurs when broken down by
bacteria
Ceruminous glands
Modified sudoriferous glands
Secrete cerumen (ear wax)

Mammary glands
Secrete milk
Skin color
Genetic factors
Same number of melanocytes
Albinism

Environmental factors
Uv light or x-rays
 Physiological factors
Amount of blood
Amount of oxygen
Cyanosis
Carotene accumulation
Jaundice liver disorder
Wound healing
Inflammation
Blood vessels dilate and become
permeable
Heat, redness, swelling and pain

Shallow cuts
Epithelial cells migrate
Contact inhibition
Deeper wounds
Inflammatory phase
Fibrin forms clot
Migratory phase
Fibroblasts make granulation tissue
Proliferative
phase
Maturation phase
Scars hypertrophic scar
keloid