Molecular View of

Matter
Prepared by: Goce, Ivan Rei L.
Outline
Democritus

The Greek Philosopher suggested that

all matter is composed of tiny,
discrete, indivisible particles that
he called atoms.
John Dalton

In 1808, he published the first

modern ideas about the
existence and nature of atoms.
Famously known as Daltons
Atomic Theory
Daltons Atomic Theory
1. An element is composed of extremely small, indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element have identical properties that
differ from those of other elements.
3. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or transformed into
atoms of another element in chemical or physical changes.
4. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine with one another in small whole-number ratios.
5. The relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant in a
given compound.
Basic Laws of Matter
Basic Laws of Matter
Law of Conservation of Matter
There is no observable change in the quantity of matter during a
chemical reaction or during a physical change
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction or in
a physical. It can only be converted from one form to another
Law of Definite Proportion or Constant Composition
A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of
elements.
Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements can combine in different ratios to form different
compounds.
Atoms
The Discovery of Electrons
Humphry Davy (1778 1829) suggested that the elements
of a chemical compound are held together by electrical forces.
Michael Faraday (1791 1867) determined the quantitative
relationship between the amount of electricity used in
electrolysis and the amount of chemical reaction that occurs.
George Stoney (1826 1911) suggested that these
particles causing electrical charges be named electrons.
J.J. Thomson (1856 1940) studied the existence of
electron using cathode-ray tubes.
Robert Millikan (1868 1953) determined the mass of an
electron using the oil drop experiment.
Cathode Ray Tubes

Q/m = 1.75882x108 C/g

Oil-drop Experiment

e- charge = -1.60x10-
19
C

Using Thomsons ratio

e- mass = 9.10 x10-28

g
Canal Rays and Protons

p+ mass = 1840 x
mass of e-
Ernest Rutherford & Nucleus
Ernest Rutherford & Nucleus

nucleus tiny,
positively
charged, massive
center
James Chadwick & Neutrons
Neutrons were just discovered in 1932 by James
Chadwick (1891 1974)
Experimented using high-energy alpha particles
bombarding beryllium
Neutrons uncharged particle with a mass slightly
greater than proton.
Subatomic Particles
Atomic and Mass Number,
and Isotopes
Atomic and Mass Number, and
Isotopes
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of
neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of
neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with
different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Atomic and Mass Number, and
Isotopes
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
Isotopes Examples
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons
6 are in
C?

11
6
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in C
?
Molecules
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

Ion an atom or group of atoms that carries an
electric charge

cations ions that

possess a positive charge

anion ion that possess a negative charge

If a neutral atom loses one
or more electrons it If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an
anion.
becomes a cation.
Ions Example
27 3
How many protons and electrons are13inAl ?
+

How many protons and electrons are78

in
34 Se 2- ?
 molecular formula - shows the exact number of atoms
of each element in the smallest unit of a substance

empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number

ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2