BAHAN-BAHAN EKSIPIEN DALAM

SEDIAAN FARMASI DAN

KOSMETIKA
CARRAGEENAN, CHITOSAN, GELATIN,
GLICERIN, LANOLIN

Meiti Rosmiati
NPM 260120150028
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 CARRAGEENAN
1. Nonproprietary Names
USP-NF: Carrageenan

2. Synonyms
Chondrus extract; E407; Gelcarin; Genu; Grindsted; Hygum TP-1;
Irish moss extract; Marine Colloids; SeaSpen PF; Viscarin.

3. Chemical Name and CAS Registry Number

Carrageenan [9000-07-1]
I -Carrageenan [9062-07-1]
k-Carrageenan [11114-20-8]
l-Carrageenan [9064-57-7]

4. Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight

Menurut USP32NF27 carrageenan adalah hidrokoloid yang diperoleh dari ekstraksi air atau
larutan alkali dari keluarga Rhodophyceae (ganggang merah). Terdiri dari kalium, natrium, Kalsium,
magnesium, dan ester ammonium sulfat dari galactose dan copolimer 3,6-anhydrogalactose.
Heksosa terikat pada tempat a-1,3 and b-1,4 sites dalam polymer.

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CARRAGEENAN
 CARRAGEENAN
Iota karagenan (-karagenan) adalah jenis yang paling sedikit jumlahnya di
alam, dapat ditemukan di Euchema spinosum (rumput laut) dan merupakan
karagenan yang paling stabil pada larutan asam serta membentuk gel yang
kuat pada larutan yang mengandung garam kalsium.
Kappa karagenan (-karagenan) merupakan jenis yang paling banyak
terdapat di alam (menyusun 60% dari karagenan pada Chondrus crispus dan
mendominasi pada (Euchema cottonii).[2] Karagenan jenis ini akan terputus
pada larutan asam, namun setelah gel terbentuk, kargenan ini akan resisten
terhadap degradasi. Kappa karagenan membentuk gel yang kuat pada larutan
yang mengandung garam kalium.
Lambda karagenan (-karagenan)
Adalah jenis karagenan kedua terbanyak di alam serta merupakan komponen
utama pada Gigartina acicularis dan Gigatina pistillata dan menyusun 40%
dari karagenan pada Chondrus crispus. Selain itu, lambda karagenan adalah
yang kedua paling stabil setelah iota karagenan pada larutan asam, namun
pada larutan garam, karagenan ini tidak larut.

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 Inkompatibilitas
Carrageenan bereaksi dengan bahan kationik. If complexation of
cationic materials, with associated modification of the active
compounds solubility, is undesirable, the use of carrageenan is
not recommended.
Carrageenan dapat berinteraksi dengan macromolecule yang
bermuatan lainnya, seperti proteins, untuk memberikan efek beragam
seperti peningkatan viskositas, pembentukan gel, peningkatan
kestabilan atau pengendapan (precipitasi).

19 November 2010 KLECOP, Nipani 7

 CHITOSAN
1. Nonproprietary Names
BP: Chitosan Hydrochloride
PhEur: Chitosan Hydrochloride

2. Synonyms
2-Amino-2-deoxy-(1,4)-b-D-glucopyranan; chitosani hydrochloridum;
deacetylated chitin; deacetylchitin; b-1,4-poly-D-glucosamine; poly-D-
glucosamine; poly-(1,4-b-D-glucopyranosamine).

3. Chemical Name and CAS Registry Number

Poly-b-(1,4)-2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose [9012-76-4]

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 CHITOSAN
4. Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight
Partial deacetylation of chitin results in the production of chitosan,
which is a polysaccharide comprising copolymers of glucosamine and
N-acetylglucosamine. Chitosan is the term applied to deacetylated
chitins in various stages of deacetylation and depolymerization and it
is therefore not easily defined in terms of its exact chemical
composition. A clear nomenclature with respect to the different
degrees of N-deacetylation between chitin and chitosan has not been
defined,(13) and as such chitosan is not one chemical entity but
varies in composition depending on the manufacturer. In essence,
chitosan is chitin sufficiently deacetylated to form soluble amine salts.
The degree of deacetylation necessary to obtain a soluble product
must be greater than 8085%. Chitosan is commercially available in
several types and grades that vary in molecular weight by 10 0001
000 000, and vary in degree of deacetylation and viscosity.

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STRUKTUR CHITOSAN

KEGUNAAN CHITOSAN

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CHITOSAN
 CHITOSAN

Incompatibilities
Chitosan is incompatible with strong oxidizing
agents. 12
 GELATIN
1, Nonproprietary Names
BP: Gelatin
JP: Gelatin
PhEur: Gelatin
USP-NF: Gelatin

2. Synonyms
Byco; Cryogel; E441; gelatina; gelatine; Instagel; Kolatin; Solugel;
Vitagel.

3. Chemical Name and CAS Registry Number

Gelatin [9000-70-8]
 GELATIN
4. Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight
Gelatin is a generic term for a mixture of purified protein fractions
obtained either by partial acid hydrolysis (type A gelatin) or by partial
alkaline hydrolysis (type B gelatin) of animal collagen obtained from
cattle and pig bone, cattle skin (hide), pigskin, and fish skin. Gelatin
may also be a mixture of both types.
The protein fractions consist almost entirely of amino acids joined
together by amide linkages to form linear polymers, varying in
molecular weight from 20 000200 000.
The JP XV also includes a monograph for purified gelatin.
 PENGGUNAAN GELATIN

SPESIFIKASI FARMAKOPE
GELATIN
GELATIN
 GLYCERIN
1. Nonproprietary Names
BP: Glycerol
JP: Concentrated Glycerin
PhEur: Glycerol
USP: Glycerin

2. Synonyms
Croderol; E422; glicerol; glycerine; glycerolum; Glycon G-100;
Kemstrene; Optim; Pricerine; 1,2,3-propanetriol; trihydroxypropane
glycerol.

3. Chemical Name and CAS Registry Number

Propane-1,2,3-triol [56-81-5] 4 Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight
C3H8O3 92.09
STRUKTUR GLYCERIN

KEGUNAANGLYCERIN
GLYCERIN
GLYCERIN
GLYCERIN
 LANOLIN ANHIDRAT
1. Nonproprietary Names
BP: Wool Fat
JP: Purified Lanolin
PhEur: Wool Fat
USP: Lanolin

2. Synonyms
Adeps lanae; cera lanae; E913; lanolina; lanolin anhydrous;
Protalan anhydrous; purified lanolin; refined wool fat.

3. Chemical Name and CAS Registry Number

Anhydrous lanolin [8006-54-0]
 LANOLIN ANHIDRAT
4. Empirical Formula and Molecular Weight
The USP 32 describes lanolin as the purified wax-like substance
obtained from the wool of the sheep, Ovis aries Linne (Fam.
Bovidae), that has been cleaned, decolorized, and deodorized. It
contains not more than 0.25% w/w of water and may contain up to
0.02% w/w of a suitable antioxidant; the PhEur 6.0 specifies up to
200 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene as an antioxidant.

KEGUNAAN
Emulsifying agent; ointment base.
LANOLIN ANHIDRAT
LANOLIN ANHIDRAT