Version 15

Part 1
Descriptive Statistics

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 The Purpose of this
Workshop
 To show you how to input data into SPSS
according to the data type you have

 To show you how to perform statistics, and

to interpret the results of that statistical
performance
 Agenda
• Introduction • Data Manipulation
 Research Stages  Select Cases
 Open SPSS  Split File

• Creating a data file • Reporting

 Define Variables  Copy and Paste into
Word
 Enter Data

• Descriptive Statistics
 Frequency
 Crosstabs
 What is SPSS?
Statistical
Package for
Social
Science
 What is Statistics?
Statistics is a set of Mathematical
techniques used to:
 summarize research data
 determine whether the data support
the researcher’s hypothesis
Research Stages

1. Planning and Designing

2. Data Collecting
3. Data Analyzing
4. Data Reporting
 Format of Questions
Open-Ended
Fixed Response
Response
What is your gender? What is your gender?
e.g. a. Female b. Male ( _____________ )

PROs Easy to Enter Easy to Construct

CONs Difficult to Enter

Difficult to Construct
Invalid Responses
 Improving Your Survey
Computer Owned * color Crosstabulation

Count
color
beige black white 5 Total
Computer Apple 1 1 2 3 7
Owned IBM or Compatible 8 1 5 10 24
None 2 2 1 5
Total 11 2 9 14 36

Look at this category

What kind of color do you like to have for your computer?
1. Beige 2. Black 3. Gray 4. White 5.Others __________
 Version 15
Part 2

Test of Significance
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The Purpose of This Workshop
To show you how SPSS can help
you interpret the results obtained
from a sample and make inferences
about the population.

SAMPLE POPULATION

Statistically Significant?
 Agenda
 Null Hypothesis Data Entry
 Test of Significance  Copy and Paste
 Correlations variables
 Paired-Samples  Insert variables and
T Test cases
 Independent-Samples T  Delete variables and
Test cases
 Multiple Response Sets
 Frequency
 Crosstabs
 Null Hypothesis
• A null hypothesis (H0) is a statistical
hypothesis that is tested for possible
rejection under the assumption that it is
true.
• The purpose of most statistical tests is
to determine if the obtained results
provide a reason to conclude whether or
not the differences are the result of
random chance.
• Rejection of H0 leads to the alternative
hypothesis.
 Research Questions
# 1: Is there any relationship between
academic performance and Internet
access?
Hands-on: Correlation
# 2: Is there any instructional effect
taking place?
Hands-on: Paired-Samples T Test
 Research Questions
# 3: Is there a difference in the
average number of seedlings
grown in the light and those grown
in the dark??

Hands-on: Independent-Samples T
Test
 Correlations
A correlation is a statistical device that
measures the nature and strength of a
supposed linear association between two
variables.
Y Y Y

X X X
Positive Relationship Negative No Relationship
Relationship
 T Tests
 T Tests are used to test if an observed difference
between two means is statistically significant.

 Hands-on Paired-
Samples T Test
 One Single Group (Students) with Two Variables (Pretest and
Posttest) for each student

 Hands-on
Independent-Samples T Test
 Two groups of seedlings receiving different treatments
 Multiple Response Sets
 Used when respondents are allowed to
select more than one answer in a single
question.
 By running a frequency analysis, the
result provides an overall raw frequency
for each answer.
 Crosstabs can also be used to examine
the relationship between the sets and
other variables.
 Research Questions
# 4: Which airline was selected as
having been flown most often in the
previous six months?
Hands-on: Frequency Analysis
# 5: Which airline was selected most
often by passengers who identified
themselves as afraid to fly?
Hands-on: Crosstabs
 Version 15
Part 3

Linear Regression
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The purpose of this workshop
• To show you how SPSS can help you
in answering research questions or
testing hypothesis by using
Regression.
• To provide you with step-by-step
instructions on how to perform
Regression with SPSS.
 Agenda
• Simple Regression • Data Transformation
– Scatter Plot – Computing
– Predicting Values of
Dependant Variables
– Predicting This Years • Reporting
Sales – Chart Editing

• Multiple Regression
– Predicting Values of
Dependant Variables
– Predicting This Years
Sales
 What is Linear Regression?
• Linear: Straight line
• Regression: Finds the model that
minimizes the total variation in the data
(i.e., the best fit).
• Linear Regression: Can be divided into
two categories: Simple Regression and
Multiple Regression
Dependent & Independent
Variables
• Variables can be classified into two
categories: independent and dependent
variables.
• An independent variable is a variable that
influences the value of another variable.
• A dependent variable is a variable whose
values are influenced by another variable.
• This is influence, not cause and effect.
 Simple Regression
• Estimates the linear relationship between one
dependent (Y) and one independent (X) variable:
• Linear Equation: Y = aX + b
- a: the slope of the line
- b: constant (Y-intercept, where X=0)
- X: Independent Variable
- Y: Dependent Variable
• Since we already know the values of X and Y,
what we are trying to do here is to estimate a
(slope) and b (Y-intercept).
 Scatter Plot
• Before you perform • If the relationship
regression, you does not seem to be
should try to linear, then you may
determine whether a end up with a weak
linear relationship
exists between two regression model.
variables.
• Scatter plot allows
you to examine the
linear nature of the
relationship between
two variables.
 Multiple Regression
• Estimates the coefficients of the
linear equation, involving more than
one independent variable.
• For example, you can predict a
salesperson’s total annual sales (the
dependent variable) based on
independent variables such as age,
education, and years of experience.
 Multiple Regression
• Linear Equation: Z = aX + bY + c
– a & b: slope coefficients
– c: Constant (Y-Intercept)
– X & Y: Independent variables
– Z: Dependent variable
 Version 15
Part 4
Chi-Square and ANOVA

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The purpose of this workshop
• To show you how SPSS can help you in
answering research questions or testing
hypothesis by using Chi-Square and
ANOVA.
• To provide you with step-by-step
instructions on how to perform Chi-Square
and ANOVA with SPSS.
• To show you how to import and export
data using Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint
• How to use scripting in SPSS
 Agenda
Chi-Square test
– Test for Goodness of Fit
• One Way ANOVA
• Post-Hoc Tests
• Two-Way ANOVA
• Importing/Exporting Excel
Spreadsheets
• Using Scrpiting in SPSS
 Chi-Square Test
• Chi-Square goodness-of-fit test:
estimates how closely an observed
distribution matches an expected
distribution.
 Weight Cases
Before Chi-Square is run, Weight Cases…
should is used to identify the observed
values.
 Chi-Square Test for
Goodness-of-Fit
• It analyzes if a frequency distribution for a
given variable is consistent with
expectations.
• It estimates how closely an observed
distribution matches an expected
distribution.
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
With Fixed Expected Values
Research Question #1: A large hospital
schedules discharge support staff assuming
that patients leave the hospital at a fairly
constant rate throughout the week. The
hospital administration wants to determine
whether the number of discharges is the same
or different for each day of the week.
H0: Patients leave the hospital at a constant rate.
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
With Fixed Expected Values within a
Contiguous Subset of Values
Research Question #2: The hospital requests
a follow-up analysis: can staff be scheduled
assuming that patients discharged on
weekdays only (Monday through Friday) leave
at a constant daily rate?
H0: Patients discharged on weekdays only
(Monday through Friday) leave at a constant
daily rate.
Chi-Square Test for Goodness-of-Fit
With Customized Expected Values
Research Question #3: A manufacturer
tries first-class postage for direct mailings,
hoping for faster responses than with bulk
mail. Order-takers record how many weeks
after the mailing each order is received.
H0: First-class and bulk mail do not result in
different customer response times.
 One Way ANOVA
• ANOVA: Analysis of Variance.
• One-way ANOVA can be thought of as a
generalization of the pooled t-test.
• Instead of dealing with two populations,
we have more than two populations or
treatments.
One Way ANOVA – Hands On
Research Question #4: Four different
alloys are tested for corrosion resistance.
Five plates of the same size of each alloy
are placed underwater for 60 days. Each
plate has the number of corrosion pits
measured.
H0: The four alloys exhibit the same kind of
behavior and are not different from one
another.
 Post Hoc Tests
• The null hypothesis in ANOVA is rejected
when there are some differences in μ1, μ2,
…, μx.
• But, we need to know where specifically
these differences are.
• This is achieved with the Post Hoc Tests.
 Post Hoc Tests
Research Question #5: Since the null
hypothesis has been rejected in the first
case (proving that all the alloys do not
exhibit the same behavior) the next step
is to determine which of the mean
differences are significantly different?
• H0: The differences in the treatment
means are not significant.
• H0: μ0 = μ1 …= μa
 Two-Way ANOVA
• Instead of having one independent
variable, Two-way Analysis of Variance
procedures produce an analysis for a
quantitative dependent variable affected
by more than one factor.
• It also provides information about how
variables interact or combine in the effect
Two-Way ANOVA – Hands On
Research Question #6: Students are to write
their final exam with either a blue-book or a
laptop. In addition, students are divided into
three groups according to their typing ability.
After evaluating the final, the mean score of
different groups is examined to see whether
typing ability and testing method affect exam
scores.
H0:Typing ability and test methods do not affect
exam scores.
 Importing/Exporting Data
• Data can be imported into SPSS from an
Excel spreadsheet
• Data can be exported from SPSS to an
Excel spreadsheet or to PowerPoint
slides.
 Using Scripting in SPSS
• Used to capture commands that are used
repeatedly.
• Can use different data files as long as the
variables in the commands always have
the same name.