About Me

Engr. Yasir Mohamud Mohamed.

Master & Bachelor of Engineering in
Telecommunication, Pakistan.
Cisco CCNA & CCNP certified, with
Cisco ID No. CSCO12315909.

3/24/17 1
Course: Digital Signal
Processing (DSP)
Ref. Book
Digital Signal Processing -
Computer Based Approach -
Sanjit K. Mitra
 introduction
Digital signal processing is an area of science and
engineering that has developed rapidly over the
past decades.
This rapid development is a result of the significant
advances in digital computer technology and
integrated-circuit fabrication.
The digital computers and associated digital
hardware of some decades ago were relatively
large and expensive and, as a consequences, their
use was limited to general purpose scientific
computations and business applications.
 The rapid developments in integrated circuit
technology, starting with medium-scale
integration (MSI) and progressing to large-scale
integration (LSI), and now very-large-scale
integration (VLSI) of electronic circuits has
spurred the development of powerful, smaller,
faster, and cheaper digital computers and
special-purpose digital hardware.
 These inexpensive and relatively fast digital circuits
have made it possible to construct highly sophisticated
digital systems capable of performing complex digital
signal processing functions and tasks which are usually
too difficult and/or too expensive to be performed by
analog signal processing systems.
Hence many of the signal processing tasks that were
conventionally performed by analog means are realized
today by less expensive and often more reliable digital
hardware.
Not only do digital circuits yield cheaper and more
reliable systems for signal processing, they have other
advantages as well.
 In particular, digital processing hardware allows
programmable operations.
Through software, one can more easily modify the signal
processing functions to be performed by the hardware.
Thus, digital hardware and associated software provide a
greater degree of flexibility in system design.
Also, there is often a higher order of precision achievable with
digital hardware and software compared with analog circuits
and analog signal processing systems.
For all these reasons, there has been an explosive growth in
digital signal processing theory and applications over the past
decades.
Thus, DSP is the processing of signals by means of digital
hardware.
 Signals and Signal
Processing
A signal is a function of independent
variable such as time, distance,
position, temperature and pressure.
A function is a dependent variable
that depends on some independent
variable.
 Signals play an important role in our daily
life.
Examples of signals that we encounter
frequently are:
Speech
Music
Picture &
Video signals
For example a speech signal represents air
pressure as a function of time
 A black - and white picture represents
light intensity as a function of two spatial
coordinates.
The video signal in a television consists of a
sequence of images called frames, and its
a function of three variables: two spatial
coordinates and time.
A signal carries information and the
objective of signal processing is to extract
useful information carried by the signal.
 The method of information extraction
depends on the type of signal and
the nature of information being
carried by the signal.
Thus roughly speaking, signal
processing is concerned with the
mathematical representation of the
signal and algorithmic operation
carried out on the signal to extract
the information present.
 In DSP, our function will be a function
of numbers.
In other words, the type of signal
that we shall be concerned with, will
be functions of variable small n;
where small n can take only integer
values (+ve or -ve), i.e -5, +3, etc.
 Classification of Signals
A signal can be natural like thunderstorm
and lightning, or can be generated in the
laboratory for communication purposes.
A signal can be generated by a single source
and its called a scalar signal, or it can be
generated by multiple sources and its called
a vector signal or multichannel signal.
A signal can also be classified as One-
dimensional signal, Two-dimensional signal
or Multi-dimensional signal.
 A one-dimensional signal (1-D), is a signal
which is a function of a single independent
variable.
Example:
x(t), x(n), etc.
Speech signal is an example of 1-D signal.
A two-dimensional signal (2-D), is a signal
which is a function of two independent
variables.
Example:
u(x,y) ; A black- and white picture is an example of 2-D.
 A multi-dimensional signal (M-D), is a
signal which is a function of more than one
variable.
Example: u(x,y,t).
A signal can also be classified as
deterministic signal or random signal.
A deterministic signal is a signal that can
be uniquely determined by a well-defined
process, such as mathematical expression
or rule or table look-up.
 A random signal is a signal that
cannot be predicted a head of time.
Signals can either be continuous or
discrete.
In this course, we are primarily
concerned with the processing of 1-
D, deterministic discrete-time
signals.
 Some Essential Concepts and
Definitions
The value of a signal at specific value of the
independent variable is called an Amplitude.
The variation of the amplitude as a function
of the independent variable is called
Waveform.
For 1-D signal, the independent variable is
usually labeled as time.
If the independent variable is continuous,
the signal is called a continuous-time signal,
denoted by x(t).
 If the independent variable is discrete, the signal is
called a discrete-time signal, denoted by x[n].

A continuous-time signal is defined at every instant of

time.
A discrete-time signal takes certain numerical values at
specific discrete instant of time. Between these specific
instant of time, the signal is not defined.
 Hence a discrete-time signal is basically a
sequence of numbers.
A continuous-time signal with a continuous
amplitude is called an analog signal.

Speech is an example of analog signal

 A discrete-time signal with discrete
amplitudes is called a digital signal.
 All continuous-time signals are
analog signals, but all analog signals
are not continuous-time.
If the independent variable is
discretized but not the dependent
variable, its still an analog signal.
 Why Signals?
The carry information
Why processing?
To obtain them in more desirable
form and better quality than the
original signal.
To better understand signal
processing task, lets consider a
typical signal and its processing in
real life application.
 ECG is the process
of recording
electrical activity of
the heart over a
period of time.
 ECG trace is essentially a
periodic waveform.
One period of the ECG
waveform represents one
cycle of the blood transfer
process from the heart to
the arteries.
This part of the waveform
is generated by an
electrical impulse
originating at the
sinatorial (SA) node in the
right atrium of the heart.
 The impulse causes contraction of the atria
which forces the blood in each atrium to
squeeze into its corresponding ventricle.
The resulting signal is called a P-wave.
The atrioventricular (AV) node delays the
excitation impulse until the blood transfer
from the atria to the ventricles is
completed, resulting in the P-R interval of
the ECG waveform.
 The excitation impulse then causes
contraction of the ventricles, which
squeezes the blood in to the arteries.
This generates the QRS port of the ECG
waveform.
During this phase, the atria is relaxed and
filled with blood.
The T-wave of the waveform represents the
relaxation of the ventricles.
This is the end of once cycle of the blood.
 Each portion of the ECG
waveform carries various
type of information for
the physician analyzing
the patients heart
condition.
For example the
amplitude and timing of
the P and QRS portions
indicate the condition of
the cardiac muscle
mass.
 Loss of amplitude indicates muscle
damage, whereas increased amplitude
indicates abnormal heart rates.
Too long a delay in the atrioventricular
node is indicated by a very long P-R
interval.
Likewise, blockage of some or all of the
contraction impulses is reflected by
irregular intervals between P and PQR
waves.
 In practice, there are various types of
external interferences that appear in
the ECG signal.
Unless these interferences are
removed, its difficult for the
physician to make a correct
diagnosis.
Hence, signal processing is needed.
 Typical Signal Processing
Operations
Various types of signal processing
operations are employed in practice.
In the case of analog signals, most signal
processing operations are carried out in
time-domain, whereas, in the case of
discrete-time signals, both time-domain and
frequency-domain operations are employed.
Time-domain means analysis of signal with
respect to time. In other words, how the
signals change over time.
 For example in our ECG example, the
doctor maps the heartbeat with time, say
the recording is done for 15 minutes. So
this is called a time-domain signal.
Frequency-domain means analysis of signal
with respect to frequency.
In the ECG waveform, there are amplitude
variations.
Say in one heartbeat, 5 types of peaks or
amplitude variations occur.
 So in frequency domain, over the
entire time period, how many times
each peak comes is recorded.
Frequency is nothing but, the number
of times each event has occurred
during total period of observation.
In either case, the desired operations
are implemented by a combination of
some elementary operations