14/15 Fall semester

Engineering Chemistry

Instructor: Rama Oktavian

Email: rama.oktavian86@gmail.com
Office Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11
 Korosi

Korosi : Peristiwa
perusakan atau
degradasi
material logam
akibat bereaksi
secara kimia
dengan
lingkungan
 Korosi

Contoh: Korosi dari logam yang disebabkan oleh

air pada umumnya merupakan hasil dari reaksi
kimia dimana permukaan logam teroksidasi
membentuk iron oxide (rust).
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Korosi merupakan proses oksidasi yang
terjadi pada suhu yang rendah

Korosi merupakan proses elektrokimia

Adanya kontak secara kimia dan elektrik
antara
Anode, electrode pada sel elektrolit yang
memberikan elektron.

Cathode, electrode pada sel elektrolit yang

menerima elektron
 Korosi

Korosi dapat terjadi karena:

-- Karakteristik dari logam yang memberikan elektron.
-- Adanya reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi yang disebakan oleh
electron tersebut.

Laju korosi dipengaruhi oleh:

-- Suhu
-- Konsentrasi dari reaktan dan produk
-- mechanical stress & erosion
-- the energy state of the metal
Korosi
 Korosi
Two reactions are necessary: 2
-- oxidation reaction: Zn Zn 2e (anodic reaction)
-- reduction reaction: 2H 2e H 2 (gas) (cathodic reaction)
H+
oxidation reaction
Zn Zn2+ H+
H+
Acid
Zinc flow of e-
2e- H+ solution
in the metal H+
H+
H2(gas)
H+
reduction reaction

Other reduction reactions: Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

-- in an acid solution -- in a neutral or base solution
O2 4H 4e 2H2O O2 2H2O 4e 4(OH)
 Korosi

Galvanic couple: Two metals electrically

connected in a liquid electrolyte wherein
one metal becomes an anode and
corrodes, while the other acts as a
cathode.
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Two outcomes:
--Metal sample mass --Metal sample mass

e- e- e- e-
H2(gas) - H+ 2e-
ne- 2e ne-
H+
Platinum

Platinum
metal, M
metal, M

Mn+ H+ Mn+
ions ions
H+
25C 25C
1M Mn+ soln 1M H+ soln 1M Mn+ soln 1M H+ soln
--Metal is the anode (-) --Metal is the cathode (+)
o o
Vmetal 0 (relative to Pt) Vmetal 0 (relative to Pt)

Standard Electrode Potential

 Korosi
EMF series o
Metal with smaller
metal Vmetal o
Vmetal (i.e., more active)
Au +1.420 V
more cathodic

corrodes.Ex: Cd-Ni cell

Cu +0.340
Pb - 0.126
- +
Sn - 0.136
Ni - 0.250 o
Co - 0.277 DV =
Cd - 0.403 0.153V
Cd 25C Ni
Fe - 0.440
more anodic

Cr - 0.744
Zn - 0.763 1.0 M 1.0 M
Al - 1.662 Cd 2+ solution Ni2+ solution
Mg - 2.262
Na - 2.714
K - 2.924
EMF: Electromotive Force
 Korosi
The EMF of a standard Ni-Cd galvanic cell is -0.153
V. If the standard half-cell EMF for the oxidation of
Ni is -0.250 V, what is the standard half-cell EMF of
cadmium if cadmium is the anode?

Solution:
The standard half-cell EMF of the cadmium can be calculated
by considering the half-cell reactions:
 Korosi
Rusting of iron

The oxidation reaction that

will occur at the local
anodes is

Fe Fe2+ + 2e- (anodic

reaction)
The reduction reaction that will
occur at the local cathodes is

A piece of iron immersed in

oxygenated water, ferric hyroxide O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH-
[Fe(OH)3] will form on its surface (cathodic reaction)
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Ranks the reactivity of metals/alloys in seawater

more cathodic
Platinum
Gold
(inert) Graphite
Titanium
Silver
316 Stainless Steel
Nickel (passive)
Copper
Nickel (active)
Tin
more anodic

Lead
(active)

316 Stainless Steel

Iron/Steel
Aluminum Alloys
Cadmium
Zinc
Magnesium
 Korosi
Consider a magnesium-iron galvanic cell consisting of a
magnesium electrode in a solution of 1 M MgSO4 and an iron
electrode in a solution of 1 M FeSO4. Each electrode and its
electrolyte are separated by a porous wall, and the whole cell
is at 25C. Both electrodes are connected with a copper wire.

Mg 25C Fe

a)Which electrode is the anode?

b)Which electrode corrodes? 1.0 M 1.0 M
+2 2+
c)In which direction will the electrons flow? Mg solution Fe solution
d)In which direction will the anions in the solution move?
e)In which direction will the cations in the solution move?
f)Write an equation for the half-cell reaction at the anode.
g)Write an equation for the half-cell reaction at the cathode.
 Korosi

a) The magnesium electrode is the anode.

b) The magnesium electrode corrodes since the
anode in a galvanic cell corrodes (oxidizes).
c) The electrons will flow from the anode, Mg, to the
cathode, Fe.
d) The SO42 anions will flow toward the magnesium
anode.
e) The cations will flow toward the iron cathode.
f) The oxidation reaction that occurs at the
magnesium anode is: Mg Mg2++2e
g) The reduction reaction that occurs at the iron
anode is: Fe2++2e Fe .
 Korosi
Tipe tipe korosi:

1) Uniform or general attack corrosion

2) Galvanic or two-metal corrosion
3) Pitting corrosion
4) Crevice corrosion
5) Intergranular corrosion
6) Stress corrosion
7) Erosion corrosion
8) Selective leaching or dealloying
 Korosi
1. Uniform/general attack (korosi umum)

Korosi yang umum terjadi pada baja.

Akibat adanya reaksi kimia atau elektro kimia yang merata
pada permukaan logam
Pencegahannya :
a. penggunaan material yang tepat dan pelapisan (coating),
b. inhibitor (suatu zat yang ditambahkan dalam konsentrasi
yang kecil ke lingkungan untuk menurunkan laju korosi),
c. proteksi katodik.
 Korosi
1. Uniform/general attack (korosi umum)
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2. Galvanic corrosion (korosi galvanis)

Terjadi akibat adanya beda

potensial antara dua benda yang
terhubung secara elektrolit.
Logam yang ketahanan korosinya
kurang: anodik
logam yang ketahanan korosinya
tinggi : katodik
 Korosi
3. Crevice corrosion (korosi celah)
Korosi lokal yang sering terjadi
pada celah atau daerah yang Daerah yang kemungkinan
terkena korosi.
dilindungi.
Penyebabnya: adanya larutan yang
terjebak pada lubang dari
permukaan gasket, lap joint, atau
kotoran yang terjebak dibawah
baut atau pada kepala rivet.
Pencegahannya: sangat sulit. Cara
lain dengan mengkondisikan dalam
kelembaban yang rendah (low
humidity)
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4. Pitting corrosion (korosi sumur)
Serangan korosi mengakibatkan
terjadinya lubang-lubang pada logam.
Diameter lubang relatif kecil.
 Korosi
5. Erosion corrosion (korosi erosi)
Proses korosi yang dipercepat
dengan adanya gesekan antara
fluida korosif dengan permukaan
logam.

Pencegahannya:
Pelapisan (coating) dengan
permukaan yang keras.
Proteksi katodik.
 Korosi
6. Stress corrosion (korosi tegangan)
Sering juga disebut stress corrosion cracking, yaitu retak
(crack) yang disebabkan oleh tegangan tarik (tensile stress)
dan korosi yang spesifik. Contoh : hydrogen embrittlement
 Korosi
PENCEGAHAN KOROSI

Korosi dapat dikontrol dengan berbagai cara. Pertimbangan

utama adalah masalah ekonomi, terutama akibat yang
ditimbulkannya .

Kontrol terhadap korosi

Pemilihan material: Coating (pelapisan): Disain: Proteksi katodik Kontrol lingkungan.

- Logam - Logam - menghindari konsentrasi dan anodik (temperatur,
- Non logam - Organik tegangan konsentrasi oksigen
- Non organik - menghindari kontak dll).
dengan logam tidak
sejenis
- menghindari adanya
jebakan air
 Korosi

Metallic Selection

General rules for metallic selection

For reducing or, nonoxidizing conditions such
as air-free acids & aqueous solutions, Ni & Cu
alloy are often used.
For oxidizing conditons, Cr containing alloy are
used.
For extremely powerful oxidizing conditions, Ti
& its alloy are commonly used.
 Korosi

Coatings

Metallic, inorganic, & organic coatings are

applied to metals to prevent or reduce
corrosion
Metallic coating eg.; Zinc coating on steel
(sacrificial anode)
Inorganic coating (ceramics & glass) eg.;
Glass-lined steel vessels
Organic coating eg.; paints, varnishes &
lacquers
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Alteration of Environment

4 general methods of altering an environment to

prevent or reduce corrosion are:
Lower the system temperature to lower the reaction
rates and thus reduce corrosion. Certain exceptions
exist, such as seawater, for which the temperature
should be raised rather than reduced.

Decrease the velocity of corrosive fluids such that

erosion corrosion is reduced while fluid stagnation is
avoided.

Remove oxygen from water solutions.

Reduce the concentration of corrosive ions in a solution

which is corroding a metal.
 Cathodic protection
The protection of a metal by connecting it to a
sacrificial anode or by impressing a DC voltage to
make it cathode
Eg;
sacrificial anode
Impressed current

Cathodic protection of an
underground pipeline by using
sacrificial Mg anode
Cathodic protection of an
underground tank by using impressed
currents