Signal Distortion

Dispersion PMD

Fig. 1 Effects causing problems in DWDM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 5)

Attenuation SBS

SRS SPM

Consequences of Optical Amplifiers

ASE Strong Non-Linearities

Channel Crosstalk

FWM XPM
Fig. 2 Absorption (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 9)
Fig. 3 Scattering (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 9)
 Optical fiber

Tx Rx
All wavelengths transmitted at Dispersion causes some Different wavelengths arrive
the same time wavelengths to delay at different times

Fig. 4 Dispersion and speed of different wavelengths (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 13)
 ina te
co -ord
Fib er

Initial signal End signal

Fig. 5 Example of the effects of chromatic dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 13)
Fiber-Cladding

Fiber Core

Fig. 6 Reason for mode dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 15)

Chromatic Dispersion

+50
Dispersion in ps/(nm+km)

Dmat

Dchrom

600 1000 1400 1800

Dwav Wavelength
in nm
-50

Fig. 7 Chromatic dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 15)

Fiber-Cladding

Fiber Core

Fig. 8 Reason for waveguide dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 16)

 PMD Delay

Fig. 9 Polarization mode dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 19)

Input signal Output signal

Fig. 10 Bit shape before and after travelling through the fiber (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 19)
Scattering Phenomenons

Stimulated Raman Scattering SRS

Fig. 11 Summary of nonlinear effects (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 23)

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering SBS

Kerr Non-Linearities

Four Wave Mixing FWM

Self Phase Modulation SPM

Cross Phase Modulation XPM

 Amplitude

Raman Scattering

Wavelenght

Fig. 12 Raman scattering (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 25)

Loss of energy Gain of energy

Fig. 13 Raman scattering from particle view (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 25)
A A

Sent Spectrum Received Spectrum

Fig. 14 Raman tilt (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 27)

 Rayleigh and Brillouin Scattering

0,00
1547,00 1547,50 1548,00 1548,50 1549,00 1549,50 1550,00 1550,50 1551,00

-10,00

-20,00
Rayleigh SBS
-30,00 Peak Peak
Power in dBm

-40,00

-50,00

-60,00

-70,00

-80,00

-90,00
wavelength ( nm)
Wavelength in nm

Fig. 15 Rayleigh and SBS peak (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 29)

 25 15

15 10
Scattered power (dBm)

Output power (dBm)

5 5

5 0

15 5

25 10

35 15
5 0 5 10 15 20 25
T1523360-96
Injected power (dBm)

Fig. 16 Power threshold of SBS (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 29)

 1 2 3

123 321
u. 213 u. 231
312
u. 132

113 112 223 221 332 331

Fig. 17 Four wave mixing (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 31)

Before Transmission: After Transmission:

Fig. 18 FWM measurement (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 31)

 Optical fiber

Tx Rx
All wavelengths travel together:
Strong interaction

Optical fiber

Tx Rx
The wavelengths travel seperately:
Weak interaction

Fig. 19 FWM without and with dispersion (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 33)
Pulse broadening Pulse
compression
Impulse shape Impulse shape

Relative speed Relative speed

Fig. 20 Effects of SPM above and below zero dispersion point (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 35)
A

XPM
Crosstalk

Fig. 21 XPM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 37)

Linear
Fiber Effects
P

P
t ATT t
P

P
t GVD t

t t
P

t PMD t

Fig. 22 Linear optical effects (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 41)

Nonlinear Stimulated scattering processes
Fiber Effects
SRS

P
SBS

Fig. 23 Nonlinear optical effects (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Optical Basics, 43)

Kerr nonlinearity

FWM
P

P
SPM
P

P
t
XPM