TRANSFORMER

Presentation By:

Group Member:

M Ali (BEE-FA13-029)

M Tahir Shaheen (BEE-FA13-038)

Anum Hassan (BEE-FA13-045)

Ahmer Sameer (BEE-FA13-074)

 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static device.

The word transformer comes form the word transform.
Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but it is device that
changes electrical power at one voltage level into electrical power at another
voltage level through the action of magnetic field but with a proportional
increase or decrease in the current ratings., without a change in frequency.
It can be either to step-up or step down.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
STEP UP TRANSFORMER:

A transformer in which voltage across

secondary is greater than primary voltage
is called a step-up transformer (shown in
figure)

In this type of transformer, Number of

turns in secondary coil is greater than that
in Primary coil, so this creates greater
voltage across secondary coil to get more
output voltage than given through primary
coil.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

A transformer in which voltage across
secondary is lesser than primary voltage is
called a step-down transformer (shown in
figure)
In this type of transformer, Number of
turns in secondary coil is lesser than that
in Primary coil, so this creates lesser
voltage across secondary coil, so we get
low output voltage than given through
primary coil.
 WORKING
The transformer works in the principle of mutual induction

The principle of mutual induction states that when the two

coils are inductively coupled and if the current in coil change
uniformly then the e.m.f. induced in the other coils. This e.m.f
can drive a current when a closed path is provide to it.

When the alternating current flows in the primary coils, a changing magnetic
flux is generatedaround the primary coil.
The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary coil through the iron
core
The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil, hence induces an e.m.f
in the secondary coil
Now if load is connected to a secondary winding, this e.m.f drives a current
through it
The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by the ratio of the
no. of primary coil and secondary coil
The frequency of mutually induced e.m.f as same that of
the alternating source which supplying to the primary
winding b
 Transformer Construction
For the simple construction of a transformer, you must need two coils having mutual
inductance and a laminated steel core. The two coils are insulated from each other and
from the steel core. The device will also need some suitable container for the
assembled core and windings, a medium with which the core and its windings from its
container can be insulated.

In order to insulate and to bring out the terminals of the winding from the tank, apt
bushings that are made from either porcelain or capacitor type must be used.

In all transformers that are used commercially, the core is made out of transformer
sheet steel laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with
minimum of air-gap included. The steel should have high permeability and low
hysteresis loss. For this to happen, the steel should be made of high silicon content and
must also be heat treated. By effectively laminating the core, the eddy-current losses
can be reduced. The lamination can be done with the help of a light coat of core plate
varnish or lay an oxide layer on the surface. For a frequency of 50 Hertz, the thickness
of the lamination varies from 0.35mm to 0.5mm for a frequency of 25 Hertz.
 Classification of Transformer
As per phase As per core
1. single phase 1. Core type
As per cooling
2. Three phase 2. Shell type
system
1. Self-cooled
2. Air cooled
3. Oil cooled
 Three phase transformer

Normally , when three-phase is required, a single enclosure with

three primary and three secondary windings wound on a common
core is all that is required. However three single-phase transformers
with the same rating can be connected to form a three-phase bank.
Since each single-phase transformer has a primary and a secondary
winding, then 3 single-phase transformers will have the required 3
primary and 3 secondary windings and can be connected in the field
either Delta-Delta or Delta-Wye to achieve the required
three-phased transformer bank
 Transformer classified
as per core
CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER:-
In core-type transformer, the windings are given to a considerable part of the core. The
coils used for this transformer are form-wound and are of cylindrical type. Such a type of
transformer can be applicable for small sized and large sized transformers. In the small sized
type, the core will be rectangular in shape and the coils used are cylindrical. The figure below
shows the large sized type. You can see that the round or cylindrical coils are wound in such a
way as to fit over a cruciform core section. In the case of circular cylindrical coils, they have a
fair advantage of having good mechanical strength. The cylindrical coils will have different
layers and each layer will be insulated from the other with the help of materials like paper,
cloth, macerate board and so on. The general arrangement of the core-type transformer with
respect to the core is shown below. Both low-voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV) windings are
shown.
The low voltage windings are placed nearer to the
core as it is the easiest to insulate. The effective
core area of the transformer can be reduced with
the use of laminations and insulation
 2. Shell-Type Transformer
In shell-type transformers the core surrounds a considerable portion
of the windings. The comparison is shown in the figure below.

The coils are form-wound but are multi layer disc type usually wound in the form of
pancakes. Paper is used to insulate the different layers of the multi-layer discs. The
whole winding consists of discs stacked with insulation spaces between the coils.
These insulation spaces form the horizontal cooling and insulating ducts. Such a
transformer may have the shape of a simple rectangle or may also have a
distributed form. Both designs are shown in the figure below:
A strong rigid mechanical bracing must be given to the cores and coils of the
transformers. This will help in minimizing the movement of the device and also
prevents the device from getting any insulation damage. A transformer with good
bracing will not produce any humming noise during its working and will also
reduce vibration.
A special housing platform must be provided for transformers. Usually, the device
is placed in tightly-fitted sheet-metal tanks filled with special insulating oil. This oil
is needed to circulate through the device and cool the coils. It is also responsible
for providing the additional insulation for the device when it is left in the air.
 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS
OF COOLING EMPLOYED
1. Oil Filled Self-Cooled Type
Oil filled self cooled type uses small and medium-sized distribution transformers. The assembled windings and
core of such transformers are mounted in a welded, oil-tight steel tanks provided with a steel cover. The tank is
filled with purified, high quality insulating oil as soon as the core is put back at its proper place. The oil helps in
transferring the heat from the core and the windings to the case from where it is radiated out to the surroundings.
For smaller sized transformers the tanks are usually smooth surfaced, but for large size transformers a greater heat
radiation area is needed, and that too without disturbing the cubical capacity of the tank. This is achieved by
frequently corrugating the cases. Still larger sizes are provided with radiation or pipes.
2. Oil Filled Water Cooled Type
This type is used for much more economic construction of large transformers, as the above told self cooled method
is very expensive. The same method is used here as well- the windings and the core are immersed in the oil. The
only difference is that a cooling coil is mounted near the surface of the oil, through which cold water keeps
circulating. This water carries the heat from the device. This design is usually implemented on transformers that are
used in high voltage transmission lines. The biggest advantage of such a design is that such transformers do not
require housing other than their own. This reduces the costs by a huge amount. Another advantage is that the
maintenance and inspection of this type is only needed once or twice in a year.
3. Air Blast Type
This type is used for transformers that use voltages below 25,000 volts. The transformer is housed in a thin sheet
metal box open at both ends through which air is blown from the bottom to the top.
 Ideal transformer

An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i.e.

its winding has no ohmic resistance, no magnetic leakage,
and therefore no I2 R and core loses.
However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in
practice.
Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will
be used in characterized
N :N 1 2 the practical transformer.
I1 I2
V1 Primary Voltage
V1 E1 E2 V2 V2 Secondary Voltage
E1 Primary induced Voltage
E2 secondary induced Voltage
N1:N2 Transformer ratio
 Transformer Efficiency
To check the performance of the device, by comparing the
output with respect to the input.
The higher the efficiency, the better the system.

Output Power
Efficiency, 100%
Input Power
VA cos

Pout
100% ( fullload ) 100%
Pout Plosses VA cos Pc Pcu
V2 I 2 cos nVA cos
100% (load n ) 100%
V2 I 2 cos Pc Pcu nVA cos Pc n Pcu
2

Where, if load, hence n = ,

Where Pcu = Psc load, n= ,
Pc = Poc 90% of full load, n =0.9
 Transformer Losses
Generally, there are two types of losses;
i. Iron losses :- occur in core parameters
ii. Copper losses :- occur in winding resistance

i. Iron Losses P P ( I ) 2 R P
iron c c c open circuit

ii Copper Losses

Pcopper Pcu ( I 1) 2 R1 ( I 2) 2 R2 Pshort circuit

or if referred , Pcu ( I 1) 2 R01 ( I 2) 2 R02
 EDDY CURRENTS
By Changing Flux through a solid
conductor, induced currents are set up
within the body of a conductor in a
direction perpendicular to the flux
which are eddy currents.

Since our iron core is ferromagnetic

material, so it allows these currents to
pass through the whole body of
conductor causing heating of core of
conductor.

This is a power loss in

transformer( shown as in figure 1 ), to
reduce this the core should be made of
lamination sheets which stop the flow
of eddy currents (shown as in figure
2).
HYSTERESIS LOSS

The energy spent in magnetisation and

demagnetisation of the core of transformer
is called hysteresis loss.
This loss in energy is expressed by using B-
H(magnetic flux density B and flux density
H) curve for a specific ferromagnetic
material.
For reducing this loss, we should use such
a soft material for core whose hysteresis
loop is very small.
The hysteresis loops of both hard and soft
magnetic materials are shown respectively,
which shows that soft magnetic materials
have small hysteresis loss of energy.
THANKYOU
BYE