Basic Civil Engineering-Foundation

Foundation
 Foundation
Introduction :
A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely the super
structure which is above the plinth level and the substructure which is
below the plinth level.
Substructure is otherwise known as the foundation and this forms the
base for any structure. Generally about 30% of the total construction
cost is spent on the foundation.
The soil on which the foundation rests is called the foundation soil.

Objectives of a foundation :
A foundation is provided for the following purposes:
To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger area.
To support the structures.
To give enough stability to the structures against various disturbing
forces, such as wind and rain.
To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work.

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 Foundation
Types of foundation : Types of Pile foundation :
Friction pile
The two main types of foundation are : Load bearing pile
Shallow foundation (spread
foundation) and
Deep foundation
Note : Under-reamed piles is a
type of load bearing pile
Types of Shallow foundation :
Isolated footing (single footing,
Column footing)
Combined footing
Types of Deep foundation :
o Pile foundation
o Pier foundation
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 Foundation
Shallow foundation (spread
foundation):
Depth of foundation is less than or
equal to its width.

Isolated footing (single footing,

column footing):
In framed structures where several
columns are to be constructed,
isolated footings can be adopted.
The columns involved can be
provided with masonry or
concrete footing.
If masonry footing is provided,
steps are given and the foundation
area is thus increased so that the
stresses developed at the base is
within the limit.
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In case of masonry footing, the
projection of each step must be brick
thick and each step is made of 1 or 2
bricks put together.
Concrete can be moulded to any
shape and hence a concrete footing
may be a sloping one to provide
sufficient spread.
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 Foundation
Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)

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 Foundation
Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)

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 Foundation
Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)
wall footing

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 Foundation
Combined footing:

This type of footing is adopted

when the space between two
columns is so small that the
foundation for individual
columns will overlap.
Combined footings are
proportioned in such a way that
the centre of gravity of the
loads coincides with the centre
of gravity of the foundation.
Hence these footings have
either a trapezoidal or a
rectangular shape.
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Footing :
Footings are structural members
used to support columns and walls
and to transmit and distribute their
loads to the soil in such a way that
the load bearing capacity of the soil
is not exceeded. Also excessive
settlement, differential settlement or
rotation are prevented and adequate
safety against overturning or sliding
is maintained. 9
 Foundation

Size of footing :
The area of footing can be determined from the actual external
loads, such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.

Total load including self - weight

Area of footing
allowable soil pressure

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 Foundation
Pile :

A slender, structural member

consisting steel or concrete or
timber.
It is installed in the ground to
transfer the structural loads to
soils at some significant depth
below the base of the structure.

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 Foundation
Pile caps are thick slabs used to
tie a group of piles together to
support and transmit column
loads to the piles.

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 Foundation
Deep foundation :
Deep foundation consists of pile and
pier foundations.
This consists in carrying down
through the soil a huge masonry
cylinder which may be supported by
the sides of soil or may be supported
on solid rock (hard stratum).

Pile foundation :
o Pile is an element of construction
used as foundation. It may be driven
in the ground vertically or with some
inclination to transfer the load safely.

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 Foundation
Pile foundation
o Loads are supported in two ways.
o If the load is supported by the
effect of friction between the soil
and the pile skin, it is called
friction pile.
o Friction piles may be made of cast
iron, cement concrete, timber,
steel, wrought iron and composite
materials.
o If the load is supported by resting
the pile on a very hard stratum, it
is called load bearing pile. oPiles may be cast-in-situ or
o Load bearing piles are steel sheet precast.
piles, concrete piles and timber oThey may be cased or uncased.
piles.
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 Load
Friction
Bearing
Piles
Pile

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 Load bearing pile Friction Pile

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 Batter Piles

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 Foundation
Under-reamed piles:
Structures built on expansive soils often crack
due to the differential movement caused by the
alternate swelling and shrinking of soil. Under-
reamed piles provide a satisfactory solution to
the above problem.

The principle of this type of foundation is to

transfer the load to a hard strata which has
sufficient bearing capacity to take the load.

Single and double under-reamed piles may also

be provided for foundations of structures in poor
soils overlying firm soil data. In such soils if
double under-reamed piles are provided, both the
under-reams shall rest within the firm soil data.

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 Cast in situ

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 Foundation

PILE FOUNDATION IS USED WHEN:

The soil near the surface doesnt have sufficient bearing capacity (weak)
to support the structural loads.
The estimated settlement of the soil exceeds tolerable limits
Differential settlement due to soil variability or non-uniform structural
loads is excessive.
Excavations to construct a shallow foundation on a firm soil are difficult
or expensive.

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 Distribution of Soil Pressure

Soil pressure distribution in non- Soil pressure distribution in

cohesive soil. cohesive soil.
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 Foundation
Bearing capacity of soil :
It is defined as the maximum load per unit area which the soil will resist
safely without displacement
The bearing capacity of the soil can be found by loading the soil, noting the
settlement and by dividing the maximum load by the area on which the load is
applied. The maximum load is obtained from the graph between the
settlement and load.
Safe bearing capacity of soil = [Ultimate bearing capacity of soil] / [Factor of
safety]
On completion of a structure there may be some displacement in the position
of the foundation.
For ordinary framed structures of concrete, the permissible angular distortion
is 1/500 and the desirable value is 1/1000.
The maximum differential settlement should not exceed 25 mm in case of
foundations on sandy soil and 40 mm in case of foundations on clayey soil.
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 Foundation

Bearing capacity of soil

In case of non-cohesive soils, such as sand and gravel, the allowable
bearing capacity should be reduced by 50%, provided that the water table is
above or near the bearing surface of the soil.
The bearing capacity of reclaimed soils or shrinkable soils can be taken as
50kN/m2 in the absence of the site data.

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 Artificial methods to improve
bearing capacity of soil
By increasing the depth of foundation.
By draining the sub-soil water.
By compacting the soil.
By confining the soil mass.
By cement grouting.
By injecting chemicals like silicates etc.

Essential requirements of a good foundation:

The foundation should be so located that it is able to resist any unexpected
future influence which may adversely affect its performance.
The foundation should be stable or safe against any possible failure.
The foundation should not settle or deflect to such an extent that will impair
its usefulness.
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 PIERS
Its a vertical bridge support.
Its a foundation for carrying a heavy structural load which is constructed
in site in a deep excavation.

Among the things to be taken in consideration during construction of pier

are as follows:

a) Drilling through wet or caving soils may need use of temporary steel
casing. May also require the use of a tremie & a pump to dewater the hole
& place concrete. This is more expensive and require a large diameter hole.

b) For the purpose of reinforcing, its difficult to get bars to the full depth of
the pier with the proper concrete cover in deep holes. Use centralizes. Use
large diameter bars versus more bars.

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 c) Dont leave holes open for any length of time even in dry condition. Have
concrete on site and fill right after drilling and cleaning.

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 Foundation
Videos and Animations

1. Basement forming

2. Foundation

3. Types of foundation

4. Pile foundation

5. Sheet piling

6. Raft foundation

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 TYPES OF PILES
Concrete Piles

i) Cast-In-Situ Concrete Piles

a) Cased cast-in-situ b) Uncased cast-in-situ
ii) Precast Concrete Piles

Steel Piles
i) H-Piles ii) Cylindrical piles iii) Tapered piles

Timber Piles

Composite Piles

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TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
a) Displacement Piles
It cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as pile
shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.
b) Non Displacement Piles (Replacement piles)
It cause the soil to be removed and the resulting hole filled with
concrete or a pre cast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and
grouted in.
Displacement Pile Non Displacement pile

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 METHOD OF INSTALLATION
Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers
- commonly used method of insertion of displacement piles

Diesel Hammers
-Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive granular soil

Vibratory Hammers or vibratory method of pile driving

-very effective in driving piles through non cohesive granular soil

Jacking Method Of Insertion

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Pile installation using Drop Hammer 31
 Pile Driving Rig - temporarily support the pile that being
driven and to support the pile hammer.
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 Jacking Method Of Insertion
Jacked Piles are most commonly used in underpinning structures
By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of pile can be inserted and
jacked into the ground using the underside of the existing structure as a
reaction.

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 NON DISPLACEMENT PILES

There are four types:

a) Small Diameter Cast-In- Situ

b) Large Diameter Cast-In-Situ
c) Partially Preformed Piles
d) Grout or Concrete Intruded
Piles

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 Thank You

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