KIMIA UNTUK BIOLOGI

Laurent Octaviana
Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UM
 RENCANA PERKULIAHAN
NO. PERTEMU TANGGAL MATERI
AN KE-
1. 1 RPS, PENDAHULUAN
2 2 25 AGUSTUS 2014 HUBUNGAN ILMU KIMIA
& ILMU BIOLOGI;
MATERI DAN
KLASIFIKASI MATERI
(S/D ATOM, UNSUR,
SENYAWA)
3. 3 1 SEPTEMBER 2014 CAMPURAN
MATERI:
Pendahuluan: Hubungan Ilmu Kimia dan Ilmu Biologi
Materi dan klasifikasinya: atom, unsur, senyawa, campuran
Teori Atom
Unsur: unsur-unsur dalam tubuh manusia: unsur utama (building blocks), unsur makro
(macronutrients), unsur mikro(micronutrients)
Senyawa
Campuran & sifat-sifatnya: campuran homogen (Larutan) dan campuran heterogen
Ikatan kimia
Larutan:, difusi, osmosis, dialisis, kesetimbangan pada larutan elektrolit, solvasi, disosiasi, pH,
hidrolisis,
Larutan, koloid, suspensi
Pembentukan larutan
Konsentrasi
Sifat koligatif larutan
Jenis-jenis reaksi kimia
redoks
Kimia Organik, suatu pengantar
Makromolekul: lipid, karbohidrat, protein
CHEMISTRY==THE SCIENCE OF
EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE
Definisi Ilmu Kimia: Ilmu yang mempelajari
tentang MATERI: komposisinya, sifatnya,
dan perubahannya

MATTERI: segala sesuatu yang

memiliki massa dan menempati
ruang
WUJUD MATERI
LATIHAN SOAL
KLASIFIKASI MATERI
LATIHAN SOAL
 BAB II
ATOM, UNSUR,
SENYAWA
UNSUR
THE ELEMENTS OF LIFE
lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
LATIHAN SOAL
ATOM
 BAB II
CAMPURAN & SIFAT-
SIFATNYA
LARUTAN, KOLOID, SUSPENSI
PEMBENTUKAN LARUTAN
KONSENTRASI
SIFAT KOLIGATIF LARUTAN
CAMPURAN HOMOGEN
LATIHAN SOAL
CAMPURAN HETEROGEN
SENYAWA
SENYAWA DAN IKATANNYA
LATIHAN SOAL
 SENYAWA IONIK

Senyawa ionik terjadi karena penggabungan logam dan non logam

 SENYAWA KOVALEN

Senyawa kovalen terjadi karena penggunaan pasangan elektron bersama

antara atom-atom non logam
 COVALENT BONDING
When an atom of one
nonmetal
shares one or more
electrons
with an atom of
another
nonmetal so both
atoms
 COVALENT BOND
FORMATION

When one nonmetal shares one or

more electrons with an atom of
another nonmetal so both atoms
end up with eight valence
electrons
 COVALENT BONDING
IS THE COMPOUND
A COVALENT COMPOUND?

NONMETAL NONMETAL

YES since it is made of only nonmetal elements

 Covalent bonding

Fluorine has seven valence

electrons

F
 Covalent bonding

Fluorine has seven valence electrons

A second atom also has seven

F F
 Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

F F
 Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

F F
 Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

F F
 Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

F F
 Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons

F F
 Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Both end with full orbitals

F F
 Covalent bonding
Fluorine has seven valence electrons
A second atom also has seven
By sharing electrons
Both end with full orbitals

F F
8 Valence
electrons
UTS 1
 LARUTAN
Pada Bab II, Anda telah mempelajari beberapa campuran, yaitu
campuran homogen dan campuran heterogen. Campuran
homogen disebut juga larutan.

Dalam ilmu Kimia, larutan didefinisikan sebagai campuran

homogen yang terdiri dari dua zat atau lebih. Zat yang jumlahnya
sedikit dalam larutan disebut solut (zat terlarut), sedangkan zat
yang jumlahnya lebih banyak dalam larutan disebut solvent (zat
pelarut). Komposisi zat terlarut dan pelarut dalam larutan
dinyatakan dalam konsentrasi larutan, sedangkan proses
pencampuran zat terlarut dan pelarut membentuk larutan disebut
pelarutan atau solvasi.
 Pelarut tidak harus berupa cairan, tetapi dapat berupa padatan
atau gas asalkan dapat melarutkan zat lain. Sistem semacam ini
disebut sistem dispersi. Untuk sistem dispersi, zat yang
berfungsi seperti pelarut disebut medium pendispersi,
sementara zat yang berperan seperti zat terlarut disebut dengan
zat terdispersi (dispersoid). Baik pada larutan ataupun sistem
dispersi, zat terlarut dapat berupa padatan, cairan atau gas.
Bahkan bila zat terlarut adalah cairan, tidak ada kesulitan dalam
membedakan peran pelarut dan zat terlarut bila kuantitas zat
terlarut lebih kecul dari pelarut. Namun, bila kuantitas zat terlarut
dan pelarut, sukar untuk memutuskan manakah pelarut mana zat
terlarut. Dalam kasus yang terakhir ini, Anda dapat sebut
komponen 1,Zatkomponen
terlarut 2, dst. pelarut contoh
Gas Gas Udara, semua
Berikut ini beberapa contoh larutan: campuran gas

Gas Cair Gas CO2 atau O2

dalam air
Gas Padat Hidrogen dalam
platina
Cair Cair Alkohol dalam air
Cair Padat Raksa dalam
tembaga
padat Padat Perak dalam platina
padat cair Garam dalam air
 Solutions

The intermolecular
forces between solute
and solvent particles
must be strong
enough to compete
with those between
solute particles and
those between
solvent particles.
 How Does a Solution
Form?
As a solution forms, the solvent pulls
solute particles apart and surrounds, or
solvates, them.
How Does a Solution Form

If an ionic salt is
soluble in water,
it is because the
ion-dipole
interactions are
strong enough to
overcome the
lattice energy of
the salt crystal.
KLASIFIKASI LARUTAN
LARUTAN JENUH & TIDAK
JENUH
LARUTAN ELEKTROLIT DAN
NON ELEKTROLIT
 KELARUTAN (SOLUBILITY)
DEFINISI: Jumlah zat terlarut dalam
sejumlah pelarut tertentu
Biasanya gram zat terlarut dalam
100 mL pelarut
g/100 mL pelarut
 Jika massa zat terlarut < maksimal yg
dapat larut larutan tidak jenuh
Jika massa zat terlarut = maksimal
larutan jenuh
Jika massa zat terlarut > maksimal
larutan superjenuh
PRINSIP DASAR KELARUTAN
DIDASARI OLEH KEKUATAN INTERAKSI YANG
TERJADI ANTARA ZAT TERLARUT DENGAN
PELARUT (GAYA ANTAR MOLEKUL)
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
 LATIHAN
Ramalkan kelarutan zat-zat berikut
dalam air!
a)KCl
b)Metanol (CH3OH)
c)Heksana (C6H14)
 Proses pelarutan merupakan proses fisika yang disertai
dengan perubahan energi.
Memecah partikel-partikel zat terlarut akan
membutuhkan energi dan pembentukan gaya tarik baru
antara zat terlarut dengan pelarut (proses pelarutan)
akan melepaskan energi
 Energy Changes in
Solution
Simply put, three
processes affect the
energetics of the
process:
Separation of solute
particles
Separation of solvent
particles
New interactions
between solute and
solvent
Energy Changes in
Solution
The enthalpy
change of the
overall process
depends on H for
each of these
steps.
 Why Do Endothermic
Processes Occur?
Things do not tend
to occur
spontaneously (i.e.,
without outside
intervention) unless
the energy of the
system is lowered.
Why Do Endothermic
Processes Occur?
Yet we know that
in some
processes, like
the dissolution of
NH4NO3 in water,
heat is absorbed,
not released.
KELARUTAN SENYAWA IONIK
Meskipun pada umumnya senyawa ionik
dapat larut dalam air, ada beberapa senyawa
ionik yang tidak larut air.
Jika gaya tarik antar ion dalam bentuk kristal
padatnya > (lebih kuat) drpd gaya tarik ion-
air, maka suatu senyawa ionik tidak dapat
larut dalam air.
Yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi
apakah suatu senyawa ion larut dalam air
atau tidak ialah anion dan kationnya
 2 ATURAN MENENTUKAN KELARUTAN
SENYAWA ION DLM AIR

Latihan:
Tentukan apakah senyawa ion berikut
larut dalam air atau tidak!
Na2CO3, CaCO3, Na3PO4, KOH
 FAKTOR YANG
MEMPENGARUHI
KELARUTAN
Dipengaruhi oleh:

Temperature Pressure

Solids increased temperature causes Solids increased pressure has no

them to be more soluble and vice versa effect on solubility

Gases increased temperature causes Gases increased pressure causes them

them to be less soluble and vice versa to be more soluble and vice versa
Ex. Iced Coffee Ex. Soda, The Bends
 SUHU
Untuk senyawa2 ionik dan molekul
yang berbentuk padat, kelarutan
biasanya berbanding lurus dengan
suhu.
Contoh: gula lebih cepat larut dalam
air panas daripada air dingin
 Untuk senyawa yang berfasa gas, kelarutan
berbanding terbalik dengan suhu.
Hal ini terjadi karena naiknya suhu akan
meningkatkan energi kinetik, akan lebih
banyak molekul yang menjadi berfasa gas
dan hanya sedikit yang tertinggal dalam
larutan.
Contoh: pada musim panas, oksigen yang
terlarut di dalam danau akan lebih sedikit
sehingga banyak dijumpai ikan yang mati.
 TEKANAN
Perubahan tekanan tidak
mempengaruhi kelarutan zat yang
berbentuk padatan dan cairan, tetapi
mempengaruhi zat yang berbentuk gas
Ditunjukkan oleh hukum Henry:

Sehingga semakin tinggi tekanan,

maka akan semakin besar kelarutan
suatu gas dalam suatu pelarut.
 Gases in Solution

In general, the
solubility of gases
in water increases
with increasing
mass.
Larger molecules
have stronger
dispersion forces.
Gases in Solution

The solubility of
liquids and solids
does not change
appreciably with
pressure.
The solubility of a
gas in a liquid is
directly
proportional to its
pressure.
 Henrys Law
Sg = kPg
where
Sg is the solubility of
the gas;
k is the Henrys law
constant for that gas
in that solvent;
Pg is the partial
pressure of the gas
above the liquid.
 CONTOH NYATA HUKUM
HENRY

Softdrink mengandung CO2 yang dipacking pada tekanan > 1 atm.

Saat tutup dibuka, makan tekanan akan turun sehingga kelarutan
CO2 juga menurun dan beberapa molekul CO2 keluar
 LATIHAN
Prediksikan kelarutan Na2CO3(s) dan
N2 (g) jika:
a)Suhu dinaikkan
b)Suhu diturunkan
c)Tekanan dinaikkan
d)Tekanan diturunkan
 Ways of
Expressing
Concentration
s of Solutions
 Mass Percentage

mass of A in solution
Mass % of A = 100
total mass of solution
 % m/v

mass of A (zat terlarut)

% w/v 100
Volume larutan (mL)
=

Cuka mengandung 5 gram asam asetat dalam 100 mL larutan. Berapa %w/v
cuka?
 % v/v

volume zat terlarut (mL)

% v/v = 100
Volume larutan (mL)

Sebuah merk obat kumur 250 mL mengandung 21 mL etanol. Berapa

konsentrasi %v/v etanol?
 Parts per Million and
Parts per Billion
Parts per Million (ppm)
mass of A in solution
ppm = 106
total mass of solution

Parts per Billion (ppb)

mass of A in solution
ppb = 109
total mass of solution
 Berapa ppm konsentrasi DDT (suatu
insekstisida yang sudah dilarang)
yang terdapat pada jaringan burung
jika diketahui 50 mg DDT terdapat
dalam 1900 g jaringan burung!

26 ppm
 Mole Fraction (X)

moles of A
XA =
total moles in solution

In some applications, one needs

the mole fraction of solvent, not
solutemake sure you find the
quantity you need!
 Molarity (M)

mol of solute
M=
L of solution

You will recall this concentration

measure from Chapter 4.
Because volume is temperature
dependent, molarity can change
with temperature.
 Berapa molaritas larutan jika 1 mol
NaCl dilarutkan dengan air hingga
menjadi 1 L larutan.
 Molality (m)

mol of solute
m=
kg of solvent

Because both moles and mass do

not change with temperature,
molality (unlike molarity) is not
temperature dependent.
Changing Molarity to
Molality
If we know the
density of the
solution, we can
calculate the
molality from the
molarity, and vice
versa.
SIFAT KOLIGATIF LARUTAN
 Colligative Properties
Changes in colligative properties
depend only on the number of
solute particles present, not on the
identity of the solute particles.
Among colligative properties are
Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation
Melting point depression
Osmotic pressure
Boiling Point Elevation and
Freezing Point Depression
Nonvolatile solute-
solvent interactions
also cause
solutions to have
higher boiling
points and lower
freezing points
than the pure
solvent.
 Boiling Point Elevation
The change in boiling
point is proportional
to the molality of the
solution:
Tb = Kb m

where Kb is the molal

boiling point elevation
constant, a property
Tb is added to the normal boiling of the solvent.
point of the solvent.
 Vapor Pressure

Because of solute-
solvent
intermolecular
attraction, higher
concentrations of
nonvolatile solutes
make it harder for
solvent to escape
to the vapor phase.
 Vapor Pressure

Therefore, the
vapor pressure of a
solution is lower
than that of the
pure solvent.
 Raoults Law

PA = XAPA
where
XA is the mole fraction of compound A
PA is the normal vapor pressure of A
at that temperature

NOTE: This is one of those times when

you want to make sure you have the
vapor pressure of the solvent.
 Freezing Point Depression
The change in
freezing point can be
found similarly:
Tf = Kf m

Here Kf is the molal

freezing point
depression constant
of the solvent.
Tf is subtracted from the normal freezing
point of the solvent.
Boiling Point Elevation and
Freezing Point Depression
Note that in both
equations, T does
Tb = K b m
not depend on
what the solute is,
but only on how
many particles are Tf = Kf m
dissolved.
 Colligative Properties of
Electrolytes
Since these properties depend on the number of
particles dissolved, solutions of electrolytes
(which dissociate in solution) should show
greater changes than those of nonelectrolytes.
 Colligative Properties of
Electrolytes
However, a 1 M solution of NaCl does not
show twice the change in freezing point
that a 1 M solution of methanol does.
vant Hoff Factor

One mole of NaCl

in water does not
really give rise to
two moles of ions.
vant Hoff Factor

Some Na+ and Cl

reassociate for a
short time, so the
true concentration
of particles is
somewhat less
than two times the
concentration of
NaCl.
 The vant Hoff Factor

Reassociation is
more likely at
higher
concentration.
Therefore, the
number of
particles present
is concentration
dependent.
 The vant Hoff Factor

We modify the
previous equations
by multiplying by
the vant Hoff
factor, i

T f = Kf m i
 Osmosis
Some substances form
semipermeable membranes, allowing
some smaller particles to pass
through, but blocking other larger
particles.
In biological systems, most
semipermeable membranes allow
water to pass through, but solutes are
not free to do so.
 Osmosis

In osmosis, there is net movement of solvent

from the area of higher solvent concentration
(lower solute concentration) to the are of lower
solvent concentration (higher solute
concentration).
 Osmotic Pressure
The pressure required to stop
osmosis, known as osmotic pressure,
, is
n
=( ) RT = MRT
V
where M is the molarity of the solution

If the osmotic pressure is the same on both sides of a membrane

(i.e., the concentrations are the same), the solutions are isotonic.
 Osmosis in Blood Cells

If the solute
concentration outside
the cell is greater
than that inside the
cell, the solution is
hypertonic.

Water will flow out of

the cell, and
crenation results.
 Osmosis in Cells

If the solute
concentration
outside the cell is
less than that inside
the cell, the solution
is hypotonic.

Water will flow into

the cell, and
hemolysis results.
 Molar Mass from
Colligative Properties
We can use the
effects of a
colligative property
such as osmotic
pressure to
determine the
molar mass of a
compound.
 Colloids:
Suspensions of particles larger than
individual ions or molecules, but too
small to be settled out by gravity.
Tyndall Effect
Colloidal suspensions
can scatter rays of light.
This phenomenon is
known as the Tyndall
effect.
 Colloids in Biological
Systems
Some molecules
have a polar,
hydrophilic (water-
loving) end and a
nonpolar,
hydrophobic (water-
hating) end.
Colloids in Biological
Systems
Sodium
stearate is one
example of
such a
molecule.
 Colloids in Biological
Systems
These molecules
can aid in the
emulsification of
fats and oils in
aqueous
solutions.
 Concentration
the amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent at a given temperature
described as dilute if it has
a low concentration of
solute

described as saturated if it
has a high concentration of
solute

described as supersaturated if
contains more dissolved solute
than normally possible
 KONSENTRASI LARUTAN
Jumlah zat terlarut dalam setiap
satuan larutan atau pelarut
Konsentrasi suatu larutan dapat
diketahui berdasarkan beberapa
istilah unit konsentrasi, yaitu:
%berat/volume, %v/v, ppm,
molaritas,
 DIFUSI
the process by which molecules spread
from areas of high concentratiion, to
areas of low concentration. When the
molecules are even throughout a space
- it is called EQUILIBRIUM
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/
0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a
nimation__how_diffusion_works.html
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/note
s_diffusion.html
Acids, pH, and Buffers:
Some Basic Chemistry for
Biological Science

153
 What is an Acid?
An acid is a substance which, when dissolved
in water, releases protons.
The extent of dissociation, that is, the amount
of protons released compared to the total
amount of compound, is a measure of the
strength of the acid.
For example, HCl (hydrochloric acid) is a
strong acid, because it dissociates completely
in water, generating free [H+] and [Cl-].
Acidity can be measured on a scale called pH
(more scarily, the negative logarithm of the
hydrogen ion concentration).
154
CQ#1: An acid is a compound
that in aqueous solution will
readily:
A. Shed a proton.
B. Shed an electron.
C. Gain a proton.
D. Gain an electron.
E. None of the above.

155
TEORI ASAM BASA
ASAM BASA BRONSTED
LOWRY
PROTON TRANSFER
KEKUATAN ASAM BASA
SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PH_scale.png#file

[H+] M pH
100 A strong acid Most living cells have a very narrow
10-1 range of tolerance for pH, i.e. [H+].
10-2
The [H+] concentration will be important
10 -3
(either explicitly or implicitly) for many
10-4 other topics in biology.
10-5 [H+] is controlled in all biological
10-6 organisms, and in virtually all
10-7 biochemical experiments.
10-8 Each pH unit represents a factor of 10
10-9 difference in [H+].
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13 A strong base

10-14

The pH scale goes from 0 to 14because [H+][OH-] = 10-14 168

CQ#2: In an aqueous solution
where the H+ concentration is
1 x 10-6 M, the OH-
concentration
-6
must be:
A. 14 x 10 M
B. 1 x 10-6 M
C. 1 x 10-7 M
D. 1 x 10-8 M
E. 14 x 10-8 M

177
 The Conceptual Problem
with pH
Because its a logarithmic scale, it doesnt
make sense to our brains.
But Paul explains it wellevery factor of 10
difference in [H+] represents 1.0 pH units,
and
Every factor of 2 difference in [H+]
represents 0.3 pH units.
Therefore, even numerically small
differences in pH, can have profound
biological effects
178
 How Can You Actually
Determine the pH of a
Solution?
Use a pH meterread the number.

Use pH paper (color patterns indicate

pH).

Titrate the solution with precise

amounts of base or acid in
conjunction with a soluble dye, like
phenolphthalein, whose color
changes when a specific pH is
reached.

8
 The Hydration of Carbon
Dioxide in Water
CO2 + H2O

H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
As carbon dioxide goes into solution, carbonic acid is
formed, which partially dissociates, liberating protons (H+)
and thus causing the solution to become more acidic, i.e.,
lowering the pH.
180
 And you can apply what you just
learned about carbon dioxide

When Mollys mom ran home so hard, what do you

think would have happened to the pH (acidity) of
her blood?
What would be the effect on pH once she stops
running, but continues to breathe hard for a few
minutes? Why?
For an athlete about to begin an event, what would
the consequence of hyperventilation be on her
blood pH? What advantage might this confer?
So, in water, CO2 forms a weak acid!

181
 But Whats a Weak Acid?
Some substances, like acetic acid (vinegar!)
dissociate poorly in water.
Thus, they release protons, but only a small
fraction of their molecules dissociate
(ionize).
Such compounds are considered to be weak
acids.
Thus, while 1 M HCl is pH = 0 (why?), 1 M
acetic acid is only pH = 2.4

182
 Weak acids thus are in
equilibrium with their ionized
species:
Governed by the Law of Mass Action, and
characterized by an equilibrium constant:

-
HA H +A+

-
Keq = [H ][A ] +

[HA] 183
 Water: A Very Weak Acid

+ +
hydronium ion hydroxide ion
2 H2O H3O+
+ OH-
(an acid) (a base)

But this hardly happens at all: In fact, at equilibrium,

[H+] = [OH-] = 0.0000001 M = 10-7 M = pH 7

Indeed, only two of every 109 (1 billion) molecules in pure water are
ionized at any instant - Can you confirm this?
184
Comparative Equilibrium
Constants
Water: Keq = 1.8 x 10-16

Acetic acid Keq = 1.7 x 10-5

A 100 billion-fold difference
But still, of every 1000 acetic acid molecules in a 1 M solution of
acetic acid, only 4 are ionized.

Can you figure out how to figure that out?

185
 For biological systems:
Ionization of a strong acid is
TOO BIG!
Ionization of water itself is way TOO
LITTLE!

Ionization of a weak acid is JUST

RIGHT!

186
But Mollys problem is with a
weak acid
She has ingested far too much aspirin,
i.e., acetylsalicylic acid, which has
brought her to the Emergency Room.
The window of pH within which humans
can survive is between a blood value of
about pH 6.8 to around pH 8.0.
Outside that range brings coma and
death.
Thus rapid treatment for Molly is crucial.
187
CQ#3: By what factor does
the [H+] of Mollys blood (pH
6.8) differ from normal (pH
7.4)?
A. 0.25x
B. 0.5x
C. 0.6x
D. 2.0x
E. 4.0x

188
 What if you could
reverse this
by removing
CO2 + H2O
carbon dioxide?

H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
As carbon dioxide leaves the solution, carbonic acid is used up, which by the
Law of Mass Action shifts the equilibrium to the left, using up protons (H+) and
thus causing the solution to become less acidic, i.e., raising the pH.

189
CQ#4: Why is Molly breathing so
rapidly and deeply when she
arrives at the Emergency Room,
despite being nearly comatose?
A. The aspirin has inhibited her
ability to use oxygen effectively.
B. Her body is trying to rid itself of
CO2.
C. She is out of breath from all she
has been through.
D. Her hemoglobin cant deliver
oxygen at low pH.
190
Unfortunately, Mollys breathing
isnt helping very muchcan you
guess why that is?
Think about the aspirin in her bloodstream
and the equilibrium between its acid
(undissociated) and its dissociated form.
As protons are removed from solution by
her heavy breathing, is there a reservoir of
others to take their place?
Try to discuss and explain this to a person
sitting near you.

191
CQ#5: How else might you
raise the pH of Mollys blood
to get it back into the normal
range?
A. Add HCl
B. Add acetylsalicylic acid
C. Add phosphate
D. Add bicarbonate
E. Add NaOH

192
 Why should bicarbonate
help?
As just seen, bicarbonate is one of the
ionization products of carbonic acid
what is the other one?
By the Law of Mass Action, the addition
of a lot of bicarbonate should drive the
reactionin which direction?
Think about this: if you add baking
soda to vinegar, what will happen, and
what does it mean?

193
 How Does This Work?
CO2 + H2O

H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
Here, the addition of excess bicarbonate will soak up many of the free protons,
and drive the equilibrium to the left. This will reduce the acidity, increasing the
pH, and the carbon dioxide produced will be blown off in the lungs. And make
Molly feel MUCH better!

194
 How can this help
Molly?
This will reduce the acidity, which
means
increasing the pH, and
the carbon dioxide produced will be blown off in
the lungs.
This will make Molly feel much better.
And get her out of medical danger

195
 Weak acids, their
conjugate bases, and
buffers
Weak acids have only a modest tendency to
shed their protons (definition of an acid).
When they do, the corresponding negatively
charged anion becomes a willing proton
acceptor, and is called the conjugate base.
The properties of a buffer rely on a balance
between a weak acid and its conjugate base.
And a titration curve looks like this

196
Titration of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide

_
pH 7
_
_
Buffering range: only
pKa = 4.76 _ small pH changes
result from addition of
_
base or acid
_
_

50% dissociation

0 equiv. of NaOH 1.0

added 197
 How did this save
Mollys life?
A buffer is a solution of a weak acid and
its conjugate base that resists changes in
pH in both directionseither up or down.
A buffer works best in the middle of its
range, where the amount of undissociated
acid is about equal to the amount of the
conjugate base.
One can soak up excess protons (acid),
the other can soak up excess hydroxide
(base).

198
 Ionization of acetic acid:
Resisting changes both ways

-
OH H 2O

-
Acetic acid HAc Ac Acetate
-
(CH3COOH) (CH3COO )

H+
199
 Insights for the Future
pH control is important, as many enzymes have a
narrow range in which they function optimally.
Buffering capability is essential for the well-being
of organisms, to protect them from unwelcome
changes in pH.
For example, your stomach is about pH 1, yet the
adjacent portion of your intestine is near pH 7
think about (or look up) how that might happen
[Hint: what is one function of the pancreas?].
Many compounds and macromolecules in addition
to bicarbonate can serve a buffering function
proteins comprise one of the major classes.

200