Refrigeration Cycle

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration Cycle
period one
Heat and Refrigeration

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

What is Refrigeration?
Refrigeration is the
process of removing
heat from one
substance and
transferring it to
another substance.

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

What is Heat?

Heat is a form of energy

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Quantity and Intensity

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Quantity and Intensity

110F 60F
[43.3C] [15.6C]
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Measuring Heat Quantity

1 lb
water
1 Btu
60F 61F

1 kg
water
1 kcal
15C 16C
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Principles of Heat Transfer
Heat energy cannot be destroyed
Heat always flows from a higher temperature
substance to a lower temperature substance
Heat can be transferred from one substance to
another

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Heat Energy Cannot Be Destroyed

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Heat Flows from Hot to Cold

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Methods of Heat Transfer

convection
warm air

radiation

hot cool air

conduction
water
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Rate of Heat Flow

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Ton of Refrigeration

12,000 Btu/hr
[3.517 kW]

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration Cycle
period two
Refrigerants

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Ice as a Coolant

ice melts at
32F
[0C]

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Ice as a Coolant

ice melts at
32F
[0C]

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Dry Ice as a Coolant

dry ice
evaporates at
-109.4F
[-78.6C]

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigerant-22

R-22 boils at
-41.4F
[-40.8C]

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Effect of Transferring Heat

1 lb 1 Btu
water
60F 61F

1 kg
1 kcal
water
15C 16C
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Effect of Transferring Heat

+ 152 Btu =
1 lb
water
60F 212F

+ 85 kcal =
1 kg
water
15C 100C
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Effect of Transferring Heat

+ 970.3 Btu =
1 lb 1 lb
water steam
212F 212F

+ 244.5 kcal =
1 kg 1 kg
water steam
100C 100C
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Effect of Transferring Heat

- 970.3 Btu =
1 lb 1 lb
steam water
212F 212F

- 244.5 kcal =
1 kg 1 kg
steam water
100C 100C
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Latent Heat

1 lb
steam
1 lb
water 970.3 Btu
212F 212F

1 kg
steam
1 kg
water 244.5 kcal
100C 100C
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Sensible Heat

1 lb 1 Btu
water
60F 61F

1 kg
1 kcal
water
15C 16C
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Specific Heat

140F 200F
[60C] [93.3C]

A B

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Modern Refrigerants

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration Cycle
period three
Refrigeration Cycle

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration System

airflow

liquid refrigerant
(R-22)

collects
refrigerant
vapor -41.4F
[-40.8C]

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration System
evaporator

liquid
refrigerant

refrigerant vapor ?

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration System

refrigerant
vapor - heat = liquid
refrigerant

-41.4F
[-40.8C]
substance
colder than
-41.4F
[-40.8C]
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Boiling Point of Water

212F
[100C]
temperature

14.7 psia pressure

American Standard Inc. 1999
[0.10MPa] Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Boiling Point of Refrigerant-22

121.5F
temperature

[49.7C]

41.2F
[5.1C]
85 psia 280 psia
[0.59 MPa] [1.93 MPa]
pressure
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Vapor-Compression Cycle

expansion
evaporator
device

condenser

American Standard Inc. 1999

compressor Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Basic Refrigeration System

C
discharge
line
condenser

liquid
expansion device
line B compressor

A
suction
D line

evaporator
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Evaporator

mixture of
liquid and vapor
refrigerant B

refrigerant
vapor
air
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Compressor

B C

low-pressure high-pressure
refrigerant vapor refrigerant vapor
from evaporator to condenser

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Condenser

refrigerant
vapor

liquid
outdoor air
refrigerant

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Expansion Device

mixture of
liquid and vapor
refrigerant

liquid D
American Standard Inc. 1999
refrigerant
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Basic Refrigeration System

high-pressure C
side discharge
line
condenser

liquid
line B compressor
evaporator
D A
suction
expansion device line
low-pressure
side
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Refrigeration Cycle
period four
PressureEnthalpy Chart

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

 PressureEnthalpy (Ph) Chart
envelope
subcooled
liquid
saturated
mixture of vapor line
liquid and
pressure

vapor
superheated
vapor
line of constant
temperature saturated
liquid line

American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Ph Chart for Water
180F 212F
[82.2C] [100C]
pressure

240F
[115.6C]

14.7 psia A B C D
[0.10 MPa]

Water
American Standard Inc. 1999
enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Heat of Vaporization for Water

subcooled
liquid
mixture of
liquid and
pressure

vapor
heat of superheated
vaporization vapor
14.7 psia B C
[0.10 MPa]

Water
180.2 Btu/lb enthalpy 1150.2 Btu/lb
[419.1 kJ/kg] [2675.4 kJ/kg]
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Evaporator

refrigeration
effect
pressure

41.2F
[5.1C]
85 psia A B C
[0.59 MPa]
evaporator

Refrigerant-22
American Standard Inc. 1999
enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Superheat
pressure

41.2F 51.2F
[5.1C] [10.7C]
85 psia A B C

{
[0.59 MPa]
superheat

American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Compressor

D
pressure

compressor

A B C

American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Heat of Compression

D
280 psia 191.5F
pressure

[1.93 MPa] 121.5F [88.6C]

[49.7C]

85 psia A B C
[0.59 MPa]
heat of
compression

American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Condenser

subcooling

G condenser E D
{
280 psia
F
pressure

[1.93 MPa] 110F 121.5F

[43.3C] [49.7C]

A B C

American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Expansion Device

G E D
F
pressure

expansion
device

A B C

American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Expansion Device

110F
[43.3C]
G E D
280 psia
F
pressure

[1.93 MPa]

85 psia A B C
[0.59 MPa]
21.8 Btu/lb 42.4 Btu/lb 108.2 Btu/lb
[50.7 kJ/kg] [98.6 kJ/kg] [251.7 kJ/kg]
American Standard Inc. 1999
enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Refrigeration Cycle

110F
[43.3C]
G condenser E D
280 psia 191.5F
F
pressure

[1.93 MPa] expansion 121.5F [88.6C]

device [49.7C] compressor

85 psia A B C 51.2F
[0.59 MPa]
evaporator
41.2F [10.7C]
[5.1C]

American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Refrigeration Cycle
period five
Review

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

ReviewPeriod One
Heat is a form of energy
Heat can vary in quantity and intensity
Heat energy cannot be destroyed
Heat can be transferred from one substance to
another
Heat always flows from a higher temperature
substance to a lower temperature substance
Refrigeration is a method of removing heat

American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

ReviewPeriod Two

sensible
heat water + 180 Btu/lb = water
[100 kcal/kg]

32F 212F
[0C] [100C]

latent + 970.3 Btu/lb = steam

heat water [244.5 kcal/kg]

212F 212F
American Standard Inc. 1999

[100C] [100C]
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
ReviewPeriod Three

condenser

expansion
device compressor

evaporator
American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
ReviewPeriod Four

condenser
pressure

expansion
device compressor

evaporator

American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN