EMC510S

EMC510S
ELECTRICAL MACHINES 216
TEST 1 - MEMO
3/2010
2/2010
3/2010 Test 1 - Memo - -K.
TRANSFORMERS K.Kanyimba
Kanyimba
END
OF
LECTURE
14
3/2010 2 Test 1 - Memo - K. Kanyimba
QUESTION ONE - 19 MARKS
(a) For the singly-excited linear actuator shown in Figure

Q1.1, derive the equation of the force in the air-gap as a
function of the change of inductance with respect to
change in displacement,
dL ( x )
force
dx
given that the energy in the magnetic field is
1 2
W fld
2 L( x)
Assume a loss-less and linear magnetic storage

system. (13.0 marks)
QUESTION ONE - 19 MARKS (CONT.)
Figure Q1.1. Schematic of an electromagnetic relay

d
e QUESTION ONE - 19 MARKS (CONT.)
dt
Solution:
The stored magnetic energy Wfld is determined uniquely by the values
of the independent variables and x.
Rate of energy change in magnetic field = Electrical power input
Mechanical power output, i.e.
Where
(3.0 marks)
dW fld dx d dx
ei f i f ... eqn. 1.1.
dt dt dt dt
d
e
dt
The infinitesimal change in energy is
(4.0 marks)
dW fld ( , x) id fdx ... eqn. 1.2.

where
W fld W fld
dWfld ( , x) d dx ... eqn. 1.3.
x
x
Comparing eqns. 1.2 and 1.3:

W fld W fld
i ... eqn. 1.3. and f ... eq. 1.4.
x
x
(2.0 marks)
For the linear magnetic system of Figure Q1.1, =

L(x)i, the force can, therefore, be found as follows:
W fld 1 2
f
x cons t
x 2 L( x)
2 dL( x)
2
. ... eqn.1.5.
2( L( x)) dx
But 2 ( Li ) 2 ,
i 2 dL( x)
therefore, f ... eqn.1.6. (4.0 marks)
2 dx
(b) Calculate the force acting on the plunger of a

linear actuator of Figure 1.2 for the numerical
values g = 5 mm, l = 100 cm, the number of
turns of coil = 500 and the current from the
supply is 10 A dc.
The magnetic core is assumed to be of infinite
permeability. (6.0 marks)

Figure Q1.2. Singly-excited actuator.

Equivalent magnetic
Figure Q2.1. A singly excited linear circuit analogous to
an electrical circuit.
actuator.

The self-inductance of the coil is
N2 N2 N 2 0l (d x )
L( x ) ;
2S g 2g 2g
0l ( d x )
N No. of turns, 0 permeability of free space (air)
and Sg is the reluctance of the air-gap.
dL( x) N 2 0l

dx 2g
(4.0 marks)
and the force is:
1 2 dL ( x )
Force i
2 dx
0l
( Ni ) 2
4g
4 10 7 1.0
3
(500 10) 2
4 5 10
=1570 N (2.0 marks)

QUESTION 2 - 23 MARKS
(a) For the magnetic poles shown in Figure Q2.1,

derive the electromagnetic force in the air-gap as
a function of the square of the flux density and the
cross-sectional area of the magnetic circuit (i.e.
Force B2 x A).
Assume ideal magnetic cores. (15.0 marks)
Figure Q2.1. Force of alignment between two poles.

QUESTION 2 - 23 MARKS (CONT.)
The energy stored in the air-gap is proportional to

the area of the B/H curve of the air-gap shown in
Figure Q2.2. (1.0 mark)
Figure Q2.2. B/H curve in air.

This energy is given by:
1
W fld BH volume of air-gap ... eqn. 2.1.
2
(2.0 marks)
The stored energy density is given by:
and the stored energy density is given by:
1 B
w fld BH B
2 2 0
2
B
joules / m 3
... eqn. 2.2.
2 0
(3.0 marks)
If the poles are separated by a small distance dx

due to an applied force, F, without any change in
the flux and flux density, the mechanical work
done is
dWm = Fdx eqn. 2.3.
(2.0 marks)
The air-gap has thus increased by a volume,
A.dx (1.0
mark)

and the increase in energy due to this increase in

volume is 2
B
dW fld Adx ... eqn. 2.4.
2 0
(2.0 marks)
This energy is due to the input of mechanical
energy, therefore,
B2
dWm dW fld Fdx Adx
2 0
B2 A
F ... eqn. 2.5.
2 0
(4.0 marks)
(b)
An electromagnet is made using a horse-shoe core as
shown in Figure Q2.3.
The core has an effective length of 600 mm and a cross-
sectional area of 500 mm2.
A rectangular block of steel is held by the electromagnets
force of alignment.
The magnetic circuit through the block is 200 mm long and
the effective cross-sectional area is 500 mm 2.
The relative permeability of both core and block is 700.
If the magnet is energized by a coil of 100 turns circulating
a current of 2 A, find the electromagnetic force holding the
block in place.
(8.0 marks)
Figure Q2.3.

Fmmf Hl NI 100 20 200 A

NI 200
H= 3
250 A/m
l (600 200) 10
B H r 0 H
700 4 107 250 0.2199 T
B2 A
F 2
2 0
(0.2199) 2 500 106
= 2 = 19.24 N
2 4 10 7
... (8.0 marks)

(a) Derive the emf equation of a transformer given

that the flux is = msin2ft, where m is the
maximum flux in the transformer core, f is the
frequency of the supply and t is the instantaneous
time. (8.0 marks)
Solution:
(i) The voltage induced in the primary winding
(from Faradays law of electromagnetic induction)
is given by
d
ep N p ... eqn. 1.1.
dt
(2.0 marks)
The negative sign signifies, from Lenz's law, that

the induced emf attempts to circulate a current that
opposes the change in magnetic flux (the cause
that brought it into existence).
(ii) The primary induced voltage can be expressed
as:
d( m sin 2 ft )
ep N p 2 fN p m cos 2 ft ... eqn. 1.2.
dt
or
e p 2 fN p m sin(2 ft )
2
2 fN p m sin(2 ft ) ... eqn. 1.3.
2
(2.0 marks)
(iii) The maximum (or peak) value of the primary

induced voltage is given by:
is:
E pm 2 fN p m
Ep 4.44 fN p m ... eqn. 1.5.
2 2
(2.0 marks)
and its rms value is
Epm 2 fN p m ... eqn. 1.4.
(2.0 marks)
Equation 1.5 is referred to as the (transformer) emf equation.

(b)
A single-phase 50 Hz transformer has 80 turns
on the primary winding and 400 turns on the
secondary winding.
The net cross-sectional area of the core is 200
cm2.
If the primary winding is connected to a 240 V,
50 Hz supply, determine:
(i) the emf induced in the secondary winding;
(ii) the maximum value of the flux density in the
core.
(4.0 marks)
Solutions:
Es N s Vs N s 400
; Vs Vp 240 1200 V
Ep N p Vp N p 80
(2.0 marks)
Ep 240
E p 4 .4 4 N p fB m A B m 4
0 .6 7 6 T
4 .4 4 N p fA 4 .4 4 8 0 5 0 2 0 0 1 0
(2.0 marks)

(a) Define an ideal transformer (and draw its phasor

diagram, on load, based on your definition. Define all the
quantities used in your phasor diagram.)
(4.0 marks)
(b) A 4:1 step-down transformer takes 1 A at 0.15 power-
factor on no-load.
With the aid of a well-labelled phasor diagram,
determine the primary current and power-factor when the
transformer is supplying a load of 25 A at 0.8 power-
factor lagging.
Ignore internal voltage drops.
(18.0 marks)
Phasor diagram for a loaded transformer having negligible

voltage drops in the windings. current phasors, 4.0 marks)
Transformer mmf balance:
I s N s 25 1
I N p Is Ns I
'
s
'
s 6.25 A ...(2.0 marks)
Np 4
s cos 1 0.8 36.87; 0 cos 1 0.15 81.37 ...(2.0 marks)
I p E p jI p
( I s' cos s jI s' sin s ) ( I 0 cos 0 jI 0 sin 0 ) ...(2.0 marks)
(6.25 0.8 + j6.25 sin36.87) + (1 0.15 + j1 sin81.37)
= (5.0 + j3.75) + (0.15 + j0.989) = 5.15 + j4.739 ...(2.0 marks)
I p 5.152 4.7392 tan 1 (4.739 / 5.15) 6.99943.37 A
...(4.0 marks)
power-factor = cos43.37 0.727 lagging. ...(2.0 marks)

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EMC510S - Test 1 - Memo

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES 216

(a) For the singly-excited linear actuator shown in Figure

Assume a loss-less and linear magnetic storage

Figure Q1.1. Schematic of an electromagnetic relay

dW fld ( , x) id fdx ... eqn. 1.2.

Comparing eqns. 1.2 and 1.3:

For the linear magnetic system of Figure Q1.1, =

(b) Calculate the force acting on the plunger of a

3/2010 8 Test 1 - Memo - K. Kanyimba

Figure Q1.2. Singly-excited actuator.

3/2010 10 Test 1 - Memo - K. Kanyimba

The self-inductance of the coil is

and the force is:

3/2010 12 Test 1 - Memo - K. Kanyimba

(a) For the magnetic poles shown in Figure Q2.1,

Figure Q2.1. Force of alignment between two poles.

The energy stored in the air-gap is proportional to

Figure Q2.2. B/H curve in air.

If the poles are separated by a small distance dx

The air-gap has thus increased by a volume,

3/2010 16 Test 1 - Memo - K. Kanyimba

and the increase in energy due to this increase in

3/2010 19 Test 1 - Memo - K. Kanyimba

Fmmf Hl NI 100 20 200 A

... (8.0 marks)

(a) Derive the emf equation of a transformer given

The negative sign signifies, from Lenz's law, that

(iii) The maximum (or peak) value of the primary

3/2010 23 Test 1 - Memo - K. Kanyimba

3/2010 25 Test 1 - Memo - K. Kanyimba

(a) Define an ideal transformer (and draw its phasor

Phasor diagram for a loaded transformer having negligible

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