OBJECTIVES:

a) State the organization of the nervous

system
 Nervous System

Central Peripheral
Nervous System Nervous System

brain spinal cord sensory motor

neuron neuron

autonomic somatic

parasympathetic sympathetic

antagonist
 CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
Integration centers
Where sensory input is interpreted & associated with
appropriate response of the body
The CNS consists of:
(i) Brain
(ii) Spinal cord
 PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

Connects the CNS to the

receptors and effectors
 Sensory input

Sensory receptor

Motor Output
Brain &
spinal cord

Effector
PNS CNS
 Carries information from sensory
receptors to the CNS and carries
command signals from CNS to effector
cells
2 kinds:
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons
The motor neurons are divided into 2
functional divisions
(i) Somatic nervous system
(ii) Autonomic nervous system
Typical Structure of Neuron
Sensory Neuron & Motor Neuron
PNS : Somatic Nervous System

Control voluntary movements

Transmit impulse from CNS to skeletal muscle

E.g. movement of limbs

PNS : Autonomic Nervous System
Control involuntary responses
Transmit impulse from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle of internal
organs & glands (effectors)
Actions are controlled in the medulla and hypothalamus
Nerves of ANS originate from the lower brain (cranial) and spinal cord
 Somatic Autonomic
Nervous System Nervous System
PNS : Autonomic Nervous System
Most autonomic pathway consist of 2 neurons:

(i) Preganglionic neuron

Carries signal from CNS to ganglion
(ii) Postganglionic neuron
Carries signals from ganglion to the
effector
Preganglionic & Postganglionic Neuron
PNS : Autonomic Nervous System
(i) Preganglionic neuron
Mylienated
Emerges from CNS to ganglion

(ii) Postganglionic neuron

Unmylienated
Leads to the effectors from
ganglion
Ganglion: Synaptic terminal of preganglionic
neuron cell body & cell body of
postganglionic neuron
ifference Between The Somatic Nervous System
& The Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic nervous
system

CNS SKELETAL
Single neuron MUSCLE

Autonomic nervous
system
SMOOTH
CNS MUSCLE,
CARDIAC
Ganglio MUSCLE
GLANDS
Preganglionic n Postganglionic
neuron neuron
PNS : Autonomic Nervous System

ANS consists of sympathetic and

parasympathetic divisions which
often have antagonistic effects
Sympathetic division ; help body to
adjust to stressful situation
Parasympathetic division ; active
when body is operating under
normal condition

Both division have OPPOSITE EFFECT

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nerve fibres emerge from:
The thoracic and lumbar spinal
cord nerves
Sympathetic ganglia are
situated parellel and close to
spinal cord
 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The preganglionic neurons are shorter than postganglionic
neurons
Impulse transmission at synapse used norepinepherine as
neurotransmitter
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nerve fibres emerge from:
The cranial (from the brain)
and sacral spinal cord nerves
The ganglia are close to the
effector organs
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The preganglionic neurons are longer than postganglionic
neurons
Impulse transmission at synapse used acetylcholine as
neurotransmitter
cranial
 Differences Between Sympathetic &
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Features Sympathetic Parasympathe
tic
Origin of Nerve Nerve
neuron originated originated
from thoracic & from cranial &
lumbar regions sacral regions

Position of Ganglion is Ganglion is

ganglion close to spinal close to
cord effector /
embedded in
wall of
effector
 Differences Between Sympathetic &
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Features Sympathetic Parasympathe
tic
Length of Preganglionic Preganglionic
neurons neurone is neurone is
shorter than longer than
postganglionic postganglionic
neurone neurone
Neurotransmit Norepinephrine Acetylcholine
ter secreted at (noradrenaline)
the synapse
between
postganglionic
neurone &
effector
 What happen if..

Describe the basic pathway of information

flow through neurons that causes you to
turn your head when someone calls your
name.
 REFERENCES

1. Campbell, N. A. & Reece, J.B. (2015).

Biology (10th Ed.), Pearson, The Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1149-
1167