Ganetik Kesling
Ganetik Kesling
Kriteria diagnostik
A. Terdapat suatu kondisi medis umum
B. Faktor psikologis secara merugikan
mempengaruhi kondisi medis umum
dalam salah satu cara berikut:
Faktor psikologis telah
mempengaruhi perjalanan kondisi
medis umum, dalam hal
perkembangan atau keterlambatan
penyembuhan 14
Faktor psikologis mempengaruhi
terapi kondisi medis umum
Sistem Gastrointestinal
Ulkus peptikum
Kolitis Ulseratif
Obesitas
Anoreksia nervosa
Sistem Muskuloskeletal
Artritis rematoid
Nyeri pungung bawah
Nyeri Kepala
Nyeri kepala migren (Vaskular)
Nyeri kepala tension (Kontraksi
otot)
Sistem Endokrin
Hipertiroidisme
Diabetes melitus
Gang endokrin wanita
Sindroma premenstruasi 19
Nyeri Kronis
Gangguan Kekebalan
Penyakit infeksi
Gang alergik
Transplantasi organ
Penyakit Autoimun
Kanker
Gangguan kulit
Pruritus menyeluruh
Pruritus setempat
Hiperhidrosis
Yang tidak termasuk Gangguan
Psikosomatis
Gangg konversi
Gangg somatisasi
Hipokondria
Keluhan fisik yang berkaitan
dengan gang mental
Keluhan fisik yang berkaitan
dengan gang berhubungan
dengan zat 21
Outcomes
Melissa Eccleston
October 11, 2011
PRELIMINARY DRAFT
Abstract
A growing body of primarily observational
research finds that exposure to maternal
psychological stress
while in utero may have substantial effects on
physical and mental health, as well as
cognitive ability.
This paper estimates the causal effect of
exposure to the stress of the September 11th,
2001 terrorist attacks
on the cohort in utero that day using birth
The analysis finds that cohorts exposed
during first or second trimester in New
York City were 1-1.5 days younger,
weighed 8-19 grams less,
and had a 0.1% lower five-minute
Apgar score at birth. Male and female
newborns were affected similarly.
Births in the rest of the United States were not affected.
Initial educational attainment in New York City also
suffered: at the age of six, boys were 7-9% more likely to
be in special education and 15-18% more likely to be in
kindergarten rather than first grade,
with no effect on girls. The analysis accounts for
alternative causal channels, namely air pollution and
economic recession. Effects estimated outside the
area of air pollution are very similar to
estimates within it.
Outcomes for a cohort exposed in utero to a
period of high unemployment following
September 11th, but not to the terrorist
attacks themselves, are not adversely
impacted.
The results suggest that
psychological stress is an
important channel through
which adverse conditions
experienced by pregnant
women negatively impact
the early life outcomes of in
utero cohorts. JEL Codes:
DISASTER IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
RESPONSE
Husaini
Public Health Department of Medicine Faculty-
Lambung Mangkurat University-South Kalimantan,
Indonesia.
Corresponding: husainifawaz@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Background: Natural and human-made disaster
continue to occur in Indonesia in recent decades.
The impact of natural and human disasters will
surely come to the man, animals, plants and the
environment.
The issue is urgent in light of the disaster
management governance sanitary hygiene such
as: water supply drinking and bathing, clothes
washing facilities and other equipment and the
provision of toilets that are still poor, the
provision of emergency tents as well as solid
and liquid waste management are also very bad.
A issue of emergency response in the field of
environmental health is poor local and central
government in dealing with disasters, including
a lack of personnel in the handling of dead
animals and other living things.
Objective: This study the emergency of problem due to
natural and human-made disasters from the point of
environmental health in Indonesia.
Methods: The method used in this paper is to search
scholarly journals, newspapers and other sources
Results: This issue for the weak central government
bureaucracy and local emergency response to natural
disasters and man-caused by the ego-sectoral interests and
not professionalism personnel in emergency response.
Therefore we need a breakthrough way of decision-
making in a fast and precise with a systematic approach
related to environmental health, the hope is to make sure
stakeholders involved have an effective response to
disasters.
Conclusion: The emergency response to
natural and human-made disasters
necessary a systematic approach to provide
a positive response to the stakeholders in
Indonesia.
Keywords: Disaster and Environmental
Health Response
Terrorism and Environmental Health
Emergencies
Husaini
Public Health Department of Medicine
Faculty,
Lambung Mangkurat University, South
Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
corresponding: husainifawaz@yahoo.com
Abstract
Background
Terrorism is violence, or the threat of violence, used to
create an atmosphere of fear, coercing people into actions
they otherwise would not undertake or into refraining
from actions that they desire. All terrorist acts are crimes,
and many of them violate the rules of war, because
The motives of all terrorists are political, and the
actions are carried out in a way to achieve maximum
publicity.
Terrorist group is a collection of individuals of belonging
to a nonstate or antigovernment movement dedicated to
the use of violence to achieve their objecttives.
Terrorist attempt to inflict mass casualities and mass
destruction by any means possible, even if it is a suicidal
mission. They use airliners, crop dusters, trucks carrying
hazardous materials or hazardous waste, car bombs,
suicide bombers, chemicals, biological agents,
nonexplosive radiological agents, nuclear weapons, or
anything else available.
The consequences of these type of terrorist
attacks not only are immediate, but also
may be long-term with the contamination
of the air, soil, water, and food. A potential
exists for release of toxic or hazardous
materials from the sites attacked, as well as
effects of the agents used by the terrorists.
The intended results are to disrupt society.
Objective: Reviewing emergency response
field of environmental health consequences of
terrorism.
Method: The cases various Describe of
terrorism and ways of prevention, including
emergency Environmental Health response.
Result: Historically, the importance of public
health has often been recognized during or as a
result of major tragedy. The attacks that
occurred in the United States in 2001 are no
exception. These events have raised awareness
of our vulnerability and the need for emergency
preparedness, the need for a flexible and
sustainable public health infrastructure, and the
importance of linkages between environmental
exposures and health outcomes.
Throughout history, tragedy has increased
peoples recognition of public health. An
example is the case of a chemical spill of
historic proportions that occurred at the Union
Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, on December 3,
1984, leading to 2000 casualties and more
than 100 000 injuries.1Current statistics now
estimate the resulting death toll at 20 000
people over the last 17 years. In addition, it is
predicted that the event will have long-term
adverse effects, in terms of ill health and
disability, on more than 50 000 people.2This
disaster was the impetus for passage of the
The case of the first Bali bombing on October 12, 2002
and the second Bali bombing of October 1, 2005 many
casualties and property which Indonesia does not yet have
government regulations in the field of environmental
health as a result of terrorism, as well as the case of the
bomb in mc donald resturan fast in Napier on December 5
2002. In light of the tragedythat occurred in
our country on September 11, 2001, and the
subsequent bioterrorist attacks in October and
November of that year, the public health
community has been forced to step back and
reassess its priorities
. In order to prevent and combat the terrorism, since long
before the rise of the events that are classified as a form of
terrorism in the world, the international community and
regional as well as various countries have attempted
criminal policy with systematic and comprehensive
criminalization of acts that fall as Terrorism.
Conclusion: The authors encourage the public
health community, along with policymakers, to
develop a national environmental health
tracking system that can improve our overall
public health capacity and prepare us to
investigate the critical issues of the day,
whether they be emerging infectious diseases,
terrorist attacks, or chronic illnesses.
Keyword : Terrorism, environmental health
Pengaruh Zat Pencemar Udara KESEHATAN
SO2 NO2
CO Bising
Gas & uap mdh larut dlm air mdh bereaksi dg uap
air di udara + zat lainnya (mis; uap besi + debu besi +
uap air polutan sekunder) (WHO, 2000).
1 + + + 7 18.42
2 + - + 6 15.79
3 + + - 4 10.53
4 + - - 3 7.89
5 - + + 2 5.26
6 - - - 0 0
7 - - + 3 7.89
8 - + - 5 13.16
9 Gabungan 8 21.05
Keterangan: + Spirometri = Abnormal = Terjadi kelainan fungsi paru
-Spirometri = Normal = Tidak terjadi kelainan fungsi paru
+ Imunoglobulin = Abnormal = Terjadi peningkatan kadar Imunoglobulin
- Imunoglobulin = Normal = Tidak terjadi peningkatan kadar Imunoglobulin
Gabungan = Salah satu dari variabel yang diukur ditemukan abnormal
Hasil Statistik dari Variabel Bebas Terhadap Variabel Terikat
Kadar Variabel Terikat
Polutan
Var.
No (NAB) FVC IgE IgG
Bebas FEV1 Mixed
total total
1 CO di bawah + + + + +
NAB
2 SO2 di bawah - + + + +
NAB
3 NO2 di bawah + + + + +
NAB
4 Uap di atas - + + + +
Besi NAB
5 Debu di atas + + + + +
Besi NAB
Keterangan :+Kelainan fungsi paru = Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan (Uji Korelasi
Pearson dan uji Regresi Logistik)
-Kelainan fungsi paru = Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan
+Imunoglobulin =Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan(Uji Regresi Logistik & PLS)
-Imunoglobulin = Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan
Untuk IgE total yang paling berpengaruh adalah SO2 (Uji Regresi Logistik)
Untuk IgG total yang paling berpengaruh adalah CO dan Uap Besi (Uji PLS)
Gambar 4, dimana transisi logam vanadium dan
tembaga dalam Urban Air Particles (UAP) atau DEP
mampu memediasi ekspresi gen sitokin yang
diinduksi dengan sisa minyak dan abu atau Residual
Oil Fly Ash (ROFA) yang mencemari udara di
lingkungan kerja (Kennedy et al., 1998; Dye et al.,
1999). Lipopolisakarida (LPS) tampaknya menjadi
elemen utama atau bagian dari UAP daerah yang
tercemar akibat polutan udara (Becker, 1996 dan
Osornio et al., 2003).
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) pada
partikel dari hasil buangan DEP adalah elemen
atau bagian utama yang menyebabkan respon
inflamasi. Partikel ini mampu menyebabkan
cedera oksidatif dan memainkan peran utama
dalam kejadian fibrogenesis paru. Elemen organik
dan anorganik partikel ini memiliki potensi untuk
membentuk generasi ROS (Reactive Oxygen
Stress), baik secara langsung melalui ikatan kimia
redoks atau melalui respon pada paru-paru.
Gambar 4. Komponen 3 jenis partikel
dari Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP),
Urban Air Particles (UAP) dan Residual
Oil Fly Ash (ROFA). Pengaruh UAP
pada jalur sinyal sel juga diilustrasikan,
dimana LPS dan logam (vanadium dan
seng) dari UAP mengaktifkan Toll-Like
Receptor-4 (TLR4) dan Epidermal
Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) (Bonner
et al., 2007).
Gambar 5. Target dari DEP sebagai
ajuvan pada mukosa dan
kontribusi dari sel-sel peradangan
setelah pajanan oleh alergen dan
produksi IgE (Andre et al., 1998).
Dampak Polusi Terhadap Kesehatan
Fisik
Polusi udara merupakan pencemaran
terhadap kualitas udara.
Menghirup udara berkualitas akan
mengoptimalkan peredaran darah
dalam tubuh, dimana darah juga
membawa oksigen ke otak kita, TETAPI
SEBALIKNYA
Polusi air dapat menyebabkan penyakit kulit seperti
gatal-gatal, kutu air, bahkan kanker kulit. Penyakit
lain yang disebabkan oleh polusi air adalah diare,
muntaber, typus, dan sebagainya.