Building Materials

INTRODUCTION
BUILDING MATERIALS
Erion Luga
Durres
Int. Dip. In Civil Engineering Polytechnic University
of Tirana
M2. in Construction Materials Epoka University
PhD. In Construction Materials Erciyes University
Kayseri, Turkey
BUILDING MATERIALS
Areas of Expertise:
Concrete technology
Sustainable Materials
Geopolymers
COURSE OBJECTIVES

To develop a basic understanding of key material

properties, requirements, and related behavior
characteristics of typical construction materials.
COURSE EVALUATION

Method Quantity Percentage

(%)
1. Midterm Exam(s) 1
30

2. Laboratory 3
10

3. Final Exam 1
40
WHAT DO WE BUILD?
As Constructors we design and build different structures:

Residental Buildings

Hospitals

Dams

Roads

Towers

Bridges
SELECTING THE BEST MATERIAL
Cost of a residential building:

65-75% materials cost

5% technical personel

Rest is the labor cost

SELECTING THE BEST MATERIAL
important materials characteristics,

the connection between the behavior of the material

in its intended design setting,

and the stuff the object is made from (and how it is

made)

is important to every constructor, even if they will never

create a new material but simply choose from standard

and widely available ones

 OUR JOB IS
To make sure that the structure

is functional during its service

life (it should be strong)

To make sure that the structure

should withstand the

environment (it should be

durable)

To make sure that the structure

is aesthetic and economic (it

should be feasible)
 MATERIALS
The service life of a building or structure does not ONLY
depend on
How good its design is
How good its labor is

You have to consider other factors such as:

How good the material that you pick is
How good the quality control is
How you maintain the structure!

Think about the maintenance requirements of

your car !
your house !
MATERIALS
We need to know the properties of

constructional materials.

Physical, chemical and mechanical

properties

Manufacturing processes

Its behavior in its final form

 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Mechanical : Define the behavior of the materials
under loads. (Strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility,
hardness, etc.)
Physical : Density, porosity, moisture content, shape,
surface texture, etc.
Chemical : Oxide or compound composition
Physico-chemical : Shrinkage, swelling
Thermal : Conductivity
Acoustical : Sound transmission or absorption
Optical : Color
ACCORDING TO THEIR INTENDED USE

Structural Materials (concrete, steel, wood)

Architectural Detailing Materials (glass,

paint, heat and sound insulators)

Protective (paint)

But some materials fall into all of the

above groups for example wood.

Load carrying member
Architectural

Coating of chipboard
 COURSE CONTENT
Types
Production methods
Uses in construction
Properties and related tests of the following materials of
construction:

Building Stones Cements

Metals Mineral Aggregates
Clay Products Concrete
Gypsum
Lime
PARTITIONS
Brick Partition Wall With Holes For Airflow

Brick TV Wall As Partition Between Living And Dining Room

Brick Screen Wall For Garden Partitions

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 ARCH 261 - BUILDING MATERIALS

PIERS
Load bearing brick piers

Load bearing brick piers

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ARCH 261 - BUILDING MATERIALS

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ARCH 261 - BUILDING MATERIALS

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GRINDING
PROPERTIES & USES OF GYPSUM PLASTERS

Plaster of Paris
Setting time ~5-20
min.
Used for
sculpturing,
ornamental work,
small repair work
EXCAVATION OF LIMESTONE
QUICKLIME PRODUCTION
IGNEOUS ROCKS
also known as :primary, unstratified or eruptive
rocks
volcanic origin
formed as a result of solidification of molten mass
lying below or above the earths surface.

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 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
are also known as aqueous or stratified
rocks.

the properties vary considerably

depending upon the nature of the
sediment and type of bond between the
sediment and grains.

the rocks are well stratified and show

well defined bedding planes.

the rocks are soft and can be easily split

up along the bedding as well as normal
planes.
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 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
formed from igneous or sedimentary
rocks
(as a result of the action of the earth
movements, temperature changes,
liquid pressures, etc. )
foliated structure, e.g.
slate,
gneiss,
schist and phyallite
non-foliated structure, e.g.
marble,
quartzite
and serpentine.

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INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely
used building material.

It is commonly made by
mixing Portland cement
with sand, crushed rock,
and water

In many countries the ratio

of concrete consumption to
steel consumption exceeds
ten to one.
CONCRETE
The total world
consumption of concrete
in one year is estimated
at three billion tons, or
one ton for every living
human being. Man
consumes no material
except water in such
tremendous quantities.

Heights
Spire 828.0
m
Top floor 638.0
m
Concrete structure 601.0
m
330,000
cubic m
CONCRETE COMPOSITION
Concrete is a versatile material that can easily be mixed
to meet a variety of special needs and formed to virtually
any shape.

Hardened concrete may be define as an artificial rock

Concrete is composed of:

1. Coarse Aggregate

2. Fine Aggregate

3. Cement

4. Water

5. Admixture
PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE

Workability
Consistency
Segregation
Bleeding
Setting Time
Unit Weight
Uniformity
PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE

The principal properties of hardened

concrete which are of practical
importance can be listed as:
1. Strength
2. Permeability & durability
3. Shrinkage & creep deformations
4. Response to temperature variations
Of these compressive strength is the
most important property of concrete.
Because;
INTRODUCTION
Wood has been one of the most widely used
materials of construction since the earliest
times.
INTRODUCTION
The reasons for the use and popularity of wood can be listed as
follows:

Available in most parts of the world

Light in weight and strong

Can be easily shaped

Good insulator for heat and sound

And inexhaustible natural source, since a forest ca reproduce itself

INTRODUCTION
Besides its merits, wood has some disadvantages
which can be listed as follows:
Easily combustible

Destroyed by decay induced by fungi and insects

Swells and shrinks with changing of atmospheric

humidity
POZZOLANS
(SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIALS)
PORTLAND CEMENT
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES

According to Source:
1. Natural aggregate:
Native deposits with no
change in their natural
state other than
washing, crushing &
grading. (sand, gravel,
crush stone)
 FERROUS AND NONFERROUS
ROOF CLADDING METALS

PROFILES
STANDARDIZATION INSTITUTES
England - British Standards Institute
(BSI)
Germany - Deutsche Institute Norm
(DIN)
U.S. - American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM)
Europe - European Committee for
Standardization (CEN)