VENTILATION

Definition
The causing of air movement to create
air changes

The process by which fresh air is

introduced and contaminated air is
removed from an occupied space is
termed ventilation.

Need
5m3 of air inhaled in air for sedentary
occupation
VENTILATION
Purpose
To remove foul air necessary for human survival

To provide a continuous supply of oxygen necessary for

human existence.

To remove the products of respiration and occupation.

To remove contaminants such as:

- water vapour heat and smells from cooking
- gases and vapours from industrial processes
VENTILATION
Ventilation may be required in buildings
which have :-
- a high heat gain
- high internal temperature.

The heat gain may be from :-

- solar radiation
- internal gains such as people, lights and
electrical appliances
Some typical heat gains in a room.
PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION
Air movement
Some degree of air movement is essential for
feelings of freshness and comfort

Air movement

Desirable speeds vary with temperature and

use of
building
PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION
Fumes, smells, products of combustion
Removed by extraction at source by placing
hoods or extracts to capture the fumes as
soon as they are emitted
e.g hood at kitchen

Bacteria
Special precautions maybe required. Use of
especially
high air changes rates and minimization or
avoidance of
circulation
e.g hospital room, operation room, laboratory
PRINCIPLE OF VENTILATION
Excess heat
High rates of ventilation may be used to remove excess heat
For radiant heat (e.g lighting), need to extract air at source

lighting Vent

Relative Humidity
30% to 70% relative humidity acceptable for health and
comfort.
Reduce high levels of relative humidity is to increase
ventilation rates
VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Natural Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation

Combination of Natural & Mechanical Ventilation

Natural Ventilation
Utilizing openable windows, air bricks and doorways

Depends on :-
- wind pressure
- stacks effects
- combination of both
Natural Ventilation
Wind pressure
cause a positive pressure to act on the
leeward side

Air outlet
Positive
pressure zone

Suction zone

Air inlet
Natural Ventilation
Stack effect
created by the difference in temperature between
internal air and external air

the warmer less dense air inside is displaced by

the cooler dense air from outside
Roof extract ventilation

Warm air stack

Fresh air inlet

radiator
Natural Ventilation
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Economic It cannot ensure a
specified air change
Save space
No complicated
It is not possible to filter
installation needed the air before it enter the
building

If the air inside and outside

is the same temperature
and there is no wind
natural ventilation will be
non-existent.
Mechanical Ventilation
Employ an electrically fan to provide
the necessary air movement.

Ensure a specified air change and the

air under fan pressure can be forced
through filters.

The aim of a mechanical ventilating

system is to induce the necessary air
change without discomfort
Mechanical Ventilation
Removal by extract fan
Air discharged from an outlet under
pressure from a supply fan will enter the
rooms as an air stream; it will have
direction and energy
The direction and shape of the air stream
can be controlled by blades at the inlet grill
The distance travelled will depend on
volume and velocity at point of discharge
Mechanical Ventilation
Removal by extract fan(contd)
Need to consider-noise level, to
prevent unpleasant conditions for
people close to point of entry
Does not create streams in the room,
taking the air evenly from the whole
area
Extract grills are generally placed at
low level
REASON FOR MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
Internal rooms
1 5
2
4
3

Large closely populated rooms

-more than 50 people

Room where volume per occupant is too low for

efficient natural ventilation.
REASON FOR MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
Where close control of environment is required

Where natural ventilation is impossible as

windows cannot be opened because of
external atmospheric population or noise.

In tall building where wind and stack effects

would render natural ventilation impracticable
METHOD OF MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
1. Mechanical extract with natural inlet

2. Mechanical inlet with natural extract

3. Mechanical inlet and extract

MECHANICAL EXTRACT WITH
NATURAL INLET
Mechanical extract fans in windows /roofs
complete with ducted system where the air is
to be discharged away from the occupied space
Slight reduction in air static pressure is caused
within the building and external air flows inward

Eg: kitchen, toilet

MECHANICAL EXTRACT WITH
NATURAL INLET
MECHANICAL EXTRACT WITH
NATURAL INLET
MECHANICAL INLET WITH
NATURAL EXTRACT
Air blown into a building through a fan
conductor or ducted

The air leaks out of the building through

opening, permanent or bricks or louvers.

e.g underground boiler plant room,factories

MECHANICAL INLET WITH
NATURAL EXTRACT
MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT
When a building is to be seated from the
external environment

Then a full air conditioning system is used

MECHANICAL INLET &
EXTRACT
MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT
 TYPE OF FANS IN MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
Propeller
Axial
Centrifugal

Several types of fans, which differ

in the manner they generate an
accelerated air-flow, and the
degree of air pressure that can be
generated
PROPELLAR FANS
Propeller fans have a number of curved
blades mounted radically on the spindle of
an electric driving motor.

The blades revolve within a circular

opening and their curved shape induces a
flow of air along the axis of the spindle.

This type of fan will generate very little

pressure and is usually applied to free air
conditions, or in cases where the
resistance to air flow is small.
PROPELLAR FANS
Usually fixed as extract through walls, roof, etc.,
where the fan draws direct from the room and
discharges through a cowl. It operates quietly
only at the lowest pressure.

Does not create much air pressure and has

limited effect ductwork

Ideal for use at air openings in windows and wall

AXIAL FANS
1. The components of this type of fan are fixed in
a similar position as the propeller type fan, but
the number of blades are more usually about
8. The blades are aerofoil sections set in a
hub, the blades being short.

2. These type of fans can generate a higher

pressure that the propeller fan. They can be
placed in a series to create even greater
pressures.

3. They have the advantage of saving in power,

and are more convenient as they can be
incorporated into the ducting itself.
AXIAL FANS

4. When used in the higher speeds, they cause

noise and may be objectionable, unless
acoustic precautions are taken, especially
when a low level sound is required.

5. Can develop high pressure and is used for

moving air through long sections of
ductwork

6. The fan is integral with the run of ducting

and does not require a base
CENTRIFUGAL FANS

1. Consist of a multibladed impeller mounted

on a spindle similar to a paddle wheel.

2. Air enters the fan suction axially with the

shaft into the centre of the impeller. It then
flows between the blades and impelled by
centrifugal force into the ducting, the
impeller is connected to the fan shaft, and
this shaft is driven by belt on pulleys, giving
a number of different speeds.
CENTRIFUGAL FANS
3. Centrifugal fans make little noise,
compared with the axial type, and are
usually used for ventilating purposes
because of this.

4. Can produce high pressure and high capacity

of air volumes.

5. Most suited for larger installation such as air

conditioning system.

6. It has various types of impeller

TQ