Lecture Presentation

Unit 9
AcidBase
Equilibria

Day 3

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Warm Up
Name as many strong acids as you can.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Agenda
Finish: Lecture
Set Up: Lab Notebook
Practice: Acids and Bases

Due Friday: Lab Notebook Set Up (Acid

and Base Titration)

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Which of the following is not a
weak base?
a. NH3
b. NH2OH
c. F
d. OH
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Which of the following is not a
weak base?
a. NH3
b. NH2OH
c. F
d. OH
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 AcidBase Properties of Salts
Many ions react with water to create H +
or OH. The reaction with water is often
called ____________________.
To determine whether a salt is an acid
or a base, you need to look at the
___________________.
The cation can be ________________.
The anion can be
_______________________. Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 AcidBase Properties of Salts
Many ions react with water to create H +
or OH. The reaction with water is often
called hydrolysis.
To determine whether a salt is an acid
or a base, you need to look at the
cation and anion separately.
The cation can be acidic or neutral.
The anion can be acidic, basic, or
neutral. Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Anions
Anions of strong acids are neutral. For
example, _______________________
_______________________.
Anions of weak acids are conjugate
bases, so they create OH in water;
e.g., _________________________
Protonated anions from polyprotic acids
can be acids or bases: If Ka > Kb, the
anion will be acidic; if Kb > Ka, the anion
Acids
will be basic. and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Anions
Anions of strong acids are neutral. For
example, Cl will not react with water, so

OH cant be formed.
Anions of weak acids are conjugate
bases, so they create OH in water;
e.g., C2H3O2 + H2O HC2H3O2 + OH
Protonated anions from polyprotic acids
can be acids or bases: If Ka > Kb, the
anion will be acidic; if Kb > Ka, the anion
will be basic. Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Cations
Group I or Group II ___________________
____________________________
Polyatomic cations are typically the
conjugate acids of a _______________;
e.g., NH4+.
Transition and post-transition metal cations
are acidic.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Cations
Group I or Group II (Ca2+, Sr2+, or Ba2+)
metal cations are neutral.
Polyatomic cations are typically the
conjugate acids of a weak base; e.g., NH4+.
Transition and post-transition metal cations
are acidic.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Hydrated Cations
Transition and post-transition metals
form hydrated ____________.
The water attached to the metal is more
acidic than free water
molecules, making the
hydrated ions _________.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Hydrated Cations
Transition and post-transition metals
form hydrated cations.
The water attached to the metal is more
acidic than free water
molecules, making the
hydrated ions acidic.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Summary: Salt Solutions
Acidic, Basic, or Neutral?
1) Group I/II metal cation with anion of a
_____________________
2) Group I/II metal cation with anion of a weak
acid: ________________________
3) Transition/Post-transition metal cation or
polyatomic cation with anion of a strong acid:
acidic ____________________________
4) Transition/Post-transition metal cation or
polyatomic cation with anion of a weak acid:
compare Ka and Kb; whichever is greater
Acids
dictates what the salt is. and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Summary: Salt Solutions
Acidic, Basic, or Neutral?
1) Group I/II metal cation with anion of a strong
acid: neutral
2) Group I/II metal cation with anion of a weak
acid: basic (like the anion)
3) Transition/Post-transition metal cation or
polyatomic cation with anion of a strong acid:
acidic (like the cation)
4) Transition/Post-transition metal cation or
polyatomic cation with anion of a weak acid:
compare Ka and Kb; whichever is greater
Acids
dictates what the salt is. and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Factors that Affect Acid Strength

1) HA bond must be polarized with +

on the H atom and on the A atom
2) ________________: Weaker bonds
can be broken more easily, making the
acid stronger.

3) Stability of A : More stable anion
means _____________.
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Factors that Affect Acid Strength

1) HA bond must be polarized with +

on the H atom and on the A atom
2) Bond strength: Weaker bonds can be
broken more easily, making the acid
stronger.

3) Stability of A : More stable anion
means stronger acid.
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Binary Acids
Binary acids consist of
H and ______________.
Within a group, HA
bond strength is
generally the most
important factor.
Within a period, bond
polarity is the most
important factor to
determine ___________. Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Binary Acids
Binary acids consist of
H and one other element.
Within a group, HA
bond strength is
generally the most
important factor.
Within a period, bond
polarity is the most
important factor to
determine acid strength. Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Which of the following
correctly lists the acids in
order of decreasing strength?
a. HClO2 > HClO > HBrO > HIO
b. HClO > HBrO > HIO > HClO2
c. HIO > HBrO > HClO > HClO2
d. HClO2 > HIO > HBrO > HClO
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Which of the following
correctly lists the acids in
order of decreasing strength?
a. HClO2 > HClO > HBrO > HIO
b. HClO > HBrO > HIO > HClO2
c. HIO > HBrO > HClO > HClO2
d. HClO2 > HIO > HBrO > HClO
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Oxyacids
Oxyacids consist
of H, O, and one
other _________.
Generally, as the
_______________
of the nonmetal
increases, the
acidity increases
for acids with the
same structure.
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Oxyacids
Oxyacids consist
of H, O, and one
other nonmetal.
Generally, as the
electronegativity
of the nonmetal
increases, the
acidity increases
for acids with the
same structure.
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Oxyacids with Same
Other Element
If an element can form more than one oxyacid,
the oxyacid with more O atoms is more acidic;
e.g., sulfuric acid versus sulfurous acid.
Another way of saying it: If the oxidation number
____________, the acidity ____________.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Oxyacids with Same
Other Element
If an element can form more than one oxyacid,
the oxyacid with more O atoms is more acidic;
e.g., sulfuric acid versus sulfurous acid.
Another way of saying it: If the oxidation number
increases, the acidity increases.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are organic acids
containing the ______________.
Factors contributing to their acidic behavior:
Other O attached to C draws electron density
from OH bond, _______________.
Its conjugate base (carboxylate anion) has
_________________ forms to stabilize the
anion.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are organic acids
containing the COOH group.
Factors contributing to their acidic behavior:
Other O attached to C draws electron density
from OH bond, increasing polarity.
Its conjugate base (carboxylate anion) has
resonance forms to stabilize the anion.

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Lewis Acid/Base Chemistry

Lewis acids are ________________.

Lewis bases are ________________.
All BrnstedLowry acids and bases
are also called Lewis acids and bases.
There are compounds which do not
meet the BrnstedLowry definition
which meet the Lewis definition.
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Lewis Acid/Base Chemistry

Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors.

Lewis bases are electron pair donors.
All BrnstedLowry acids and bases
are also called Lewis acids and bases.
There are compounds which do not
meet the BrnstedLowry definition
which meet the Lewis definition.
Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Comparing Ammonias Reaction
with H+ and BF3

Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Aqueous metal ions behave
as Lewis acids because they
a. can readily accept electrons in their vacant
d orbitals.
b. can readily donate electron pairs from their
outermost p orbitals.
c. attract electrons from the water molecules
they are dissolved in.
d. are attracted to the electronegative oxygen
atoms in the solvent. Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Aqueous metal ions behave
as Lewis acids because they
a. can readily accept electrons in their
vacant d orbitals.
b. can readily donate electron pairs from their
outermost p orbitals.
c. attract electrons from the water molecules
they are dissolved in.
d. are attracted to the electronegative oxygen
atoms in the solvent. Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Acid and Base Titration Lab
SET UP: Lab Notebook
COMPLETE: Pre-Lab Assignment

TIME: Until End of Class

WHEN DONE: Complete Book

Assignment, WebAssign, or Guided
Inquiry Assignments Acids
and
Bases
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.