Determination of Optimum Switching angles

for Elimination of Selective Harmonics in

Cascaded MLI using Genetic Algorithm
Project Members
V.Maanickam 810012105041
R.Manikandan 810012105043
B.Manoj Kumar 810012105045
S.Mohamed Azarudeen 810012105047

Under the guidance of

Dr. H. Habeebullah Sait
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
University college of Engineering BIT campus Trichy
Trichy 620 024
 Contents

Inverter
Multi level Inverter
Harmonics & control
Genetic Algorithm
Steps in Genetic Algorithm
Budget
Why we go for inverter?

PV Panel Inverter Load

Inverter is used to convert the DC to AC and to achieve desired
Voltage and desired frequency.

It acts as a interface between Renewable Energy Systems and AC

load

In future Solar energy will be in more numbers so we have to use

inverter to connect the Solar DC power to Grid or isolated loads.
 Types of inverter

Inverter

Single Phase Inverter Three Phase Inverter

(VSI,CSI) (VSI,CSI)

Half Bridge Full Bridge

Inverter Inverter 180 Degree mode 120 Degree mode
Single Phase TWO Level H-Bridge Inverter

Circuit Diagram Output Voltage Waveform

Performance Analysis of Single Phase H-
Bridge Inverter
Harmonic
Frequency order Percentage

0 DC 3.95
50 I 100
100 II 0
150 III 31.98
200 IV 0
250 V 17.65
300 VI 0
350 VII 11.27

400 VIII 0
450 IX 8.28
Voltage Waveform for Traditional
Inverter and MLI

Traditional Two level Inverter Multilevel Inverter

 Why we go for multilevel Inverters ?

Content Traditional Multilevel

inverters inverters
Switching frequency High Switching Low Switching
frequency frequency

Filter Requirements Large Very small

Electro Magnetic EMI problem will be Less EMI problem

Interference(EMI) more

Voltage stress (dv/dt) More Low

What is Multi level Inverter

What is MLI? Why We go for MLI?

Multi level inverter uses series of semi conductor Power diodes thus
generating higher voltage Low Switching Losses
Types of Multilevel Inverter Low EMI Problem
1) Diode Clamped MLI Staircase Voltage Waveform
2) Flying Capacitor MLI Low dv/dt stress
3) Cascaded H-Bridge MLI
Block Diagram of Multi Level Inverter
Solar PV Panel Inverter Load

Isolator & Driver Circuit

Micro controller
Development of Proposed Topology I
Conduction mode for 40 Volt Battery for
Topology I
 Switching Table for Topology I
Working of Proposed Topology is explained by the following
switching Table
Harmonic Pattern of MLI for proposed Topology I
Development of proposed Topology II
Conduction Mode for 40 Volt Battery for
proposed Topology II
 Switching Table for Proposed Topology II
Inverter G1 G2 G3 G4 GA GA GA Ga1 Ga2 Ga3 S1 S2
output 1 2 3
Voltage
(in
volts)
195 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
180 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
165 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
150 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
135 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
120 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
105 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
90 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
75 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
45 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Inverter output Voltage (in G G G G G G G G G G S1 S2
Volts) 1 2 3 4 A A A a a a
1 2 3 1 2 3
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
-15 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
-30 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
-45 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
-60 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
-75 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
-90 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
-105 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
-120 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
-135 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
-150 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
-165 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
-180 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
 Harmonics and its Control

The output Waveform of inverter contains frequencies

other than fundamental frequencies then it is said to be
harmonics
Harmonics can be controlled by
1) Pulse Width Modulation techniques(PWM)
2) Selective Harmonics Elimination (SHE)
PWM Techniques and drawbacks

Single Pulse Width Modulation

Multiple Pulse Width Modulation
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
Drawbacks:
1) It is operated at high switching frequency
2) High EMI Problem
 Feed Forward Method

The switching angles can be determined by the following formula

= ) ] = where (i= 1,2, )

 Feed forward method and its
harmonics pattern

Voltage waveform Harmonic Pattern

Reasons for going Selective Harmonics Elimination
(SHE) Technique

Operations at high switching frequency can be avoided

The required harmonics can be eliminated at the instant
by knowing the switching angle.
Both Lower order and Higher order harmonics can be
eliminated by using Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE)
technique
What are the Evolutionary Algorithms for Eliminating
Selective Harmonics Elimination (SHE)?

Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA)

BAT Algorithm
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
Genetic Algorithm
Hybrid Algorithm(PSO GA)
Artificial Bees Colony(ABC) Algorithm
Why Genetic Algorithm is Preferred?

A Genetic Algorithm is a search technique to find true or approximate solution

to optimization and search problems

Genetic Algorithms are particular class of techniques that uses techniques

such as Mutation, Selection, Cross Over, Encoding , Decoding.

Traditionally all encodings are represented in binary format only. In GA other

encodings are also possible
What are the steps in GAs?
 What is meant by Selection?
The origin of species: Preservation of favorable
variations and rejection of unfavorable variations.

There are more individuals born than can survive, so there

is a continuous struggle for life.

Individuals with an advantage have a greater chance for

survive: survival of the fittest. For example, Giraffes
with long necks.

Genetic variations due to crossover and mutation

What is meant by encoding?

The problem variable are coded using a suitable coding

system
The most used way of encoding is a binary string
The encoding depends mainly on the problem
It is possible to encode integers or real numbers
Example
String 1 1101100100110110
String 2 1101111000011110
 What is Cross Over?

Choose a random point on the two parents.

Split parents at this crossover point.

Create children by exchanging tails

 What is meant by Mutation?
Mutation is used to prevent all the solutions in the population falling
into a local optimum of the solved problem.
The mutation operation randomly changes the offspring that
resulted from cross over.
The important factor in mutation is Probability Mutation(Pm)
If the probability for the bit is more than the Pm value , then the bit
will not be mutated . otherwise it will be mutated.
Example
Original offspring 1 1101111000011110
Original offspring 2 1101100100110110
Mutated offspring 1 1100111000011110
Mutated offspring 2 1101101100110110
What is Decoding?

It is reverse of encoding
It converts mutated offspring to System
parameters(Dimension)
Example
String1 11011001 00110110
Decimal 217 54
String 2 11011110 00011110
Decimal 222 30
 Problem Formulation

Objective function
An objective function is needed for the optimization procedure which is a
effective measure for eliminating selected order harmonics.
The Fourier Series Expansion of the generalized stepped output Voltage of MLI with
non equal DC Sources can be expressed as
V0(wt)=cos(n) + cos(n)++* cos(n)
Where s is the number of dc sources and the product Vi Vdc is the value of the ith
Dc source.
The objective function is defined as
F()=+[
 Objective Function

The formulation of limits is as follows

Minimize

F()= F(1, 2, )
Subject to: 0< 1< 2<..< m<(/2);
1 = m;
5 1;
7 2;
.
.
n n
Where 1, 2, n are the allowable limits of individual harmonics.
What is fitness function?

The fitness function is the function responsible for

evaluation of the solution at each step
The objective is to minimize the estimation error in
determining the switching angles such that some selected
harmonics are minimized or put equal to zero
The fitness function is to minimize the summation of the
individual absolute errors(AE)
Programming overview
Fitness Function
Output of coding
Simulation for Proposed Topology
FFT ANALYSIS
Arduino Programming
Hardware Module
 Microcontroller Pulse output

Switching pulses of G1 Switching pulses of G2

 Switching Pulses

Switching pulses of G3 Switching pulses of G4

 References

Khaled El- Naggar, Tamer H. Abdelhamid Selective harmonic Elimination of

new family of multilevel inverters using Genetic Algorithms ENERGEY
CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT 2006 Volume 49 PP 89-95

Shahab Yousefizad, Vahab Yousefizad, Vahid Eslampanah and Hamid Abbasi

THD Minimization for phase voltage of Multilevel inverters using Genetic
Algorithm The International Journal of Engineering And Science(IJES) 2015
Volume 4 PP 40-45