Utilization of Chicken Eggshell as an

Alternative Source of Calcium

Carbonate as an Extender Pigment
for the Production of Flatwall
INTRODUCTIO
N
Enamel Paint.
FRAMEWORK
RRL
METHODOLOG
Y
INTRODUCTION
 PAINT
are industrial products mainly used
for both decorative aims and
protection from destructive external
attacks.
TYPES OF PAINT

PAINT

FINIS PRIME
H R

GLOS
FLAT FLAT
S
COMPOSITION OF FLAT WALL
ENAMEL

ALKYD RESIN
SOLVENT
THICKENER
DISPERSANT
DRIER
ANTI-SKIN AGENT
PIGMENT
SOURCES OF PIGMENT
PIGMENT

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC

EGGSHELL
LIMESTONE
SEASHELL
PEARL
 Chicken Eggshell
- considered as a waste by majority.
- considered to have no economic value

EGG CONSUMPTION Calabarzon

Central Luzon
Cental Visayas
13%
14%
45%

28%
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study is to produce
organic Calcium Carbonate from chicken
eggshell as a major source of Calcium
Carbonate and to minimize solid waste
materials.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General Objective
The objective of the study is to produce flat wall
enamel paint by obtaining calcium carbonate from
chicken eggshell as an alternative source of extender-
pigment.

Specific Objectives
To produce alkyd flat wall enamel paint using organic
Calcium Carbonate from chicken eggshells.

To assess physicochemical properties of the produced

alkyd flat wall enamel varying CaCO3-TiO2 ratio in terms
of: viscosity, density, fineness of grind, total solid by
weight.

To evaluate alkyd flat wall enamel at varying CaCO3-

TiO2 ratio in terms of: ease of application, leveling, drying
time, hiding power/contrast ratio, and adhesion.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
Using an
STUDY
organic primer CaCO would be more
3

environmental friendly.

The waste chicken eggshells to be the major

source of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the
pigment that will use in the production of alkyd flat
wall enamel.

It will help in the paint industry to develop

cheaper and organic formulations of primer paint.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The scope of our study will limit on the
chicken eggshells as the source of calcium
carbonate that will be used. These
materials are collected from local bakery in
Cabuyao City, Laguna. It also focuses on
how we able to determine the accepted
ratio of pigment mainly Calcium carbonate
and titanium dioxide from this source in
producing Flat wall enamel Paint.
METHODOLOGY
Raw Materials and Apparatus
Raw Materials

Chicken Eggshell
Coconut Sap Vinegar
Other Chemicals

Apparatus

Laboratory Mill
Top Load Balance
Dispersing Machine
Hegman Gage
Viscometer
Pycnometer
Drying Time Recorder
Opacity Chart (Form 2A)
Spreading Rate Chart (8H)
 SAMPLE
PRODUCTION OF
CALCIUM CARBONATE
FROM CHICKEN WASH & DRY
EGGSHELL.

ADD ACETIC ACID

SOAK OVERNIGHT

DRY

REMOVE
MEMBRANE

GRIND/POWDERIZE
D

PRODUCT
Preparation of Flat wall Enamel in different variations of pigment-
binder ratio, by the use of Calcium Carbonate from Chicken
eggshell
Results &
Discussion
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
SAMPLE PAINT Table 5.1-1 Physicochemical properties of paint for densities
% CaCO3 Actual Density Theoretical Density % Difference of

(g/ml) (g/ml) Densities

Paint 1 34.88 1.4673 1.444 1.61

(Commercial)

Paint 2 34.88 1.488 1.444 0.28

Paint 3 25.865 1.498 1.4671 0.21

Paint 4 16.85 1.5037 1.491 0.85

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 Pigment Ratio vs. Actual Density
1.51

1.5

1.49
Paint
1.48 4 Paint
3 Paint
(g/ml) 1.47 2

1.46
Standar Standar Standar
d d d
1.45
CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3
1.44
0.5 1 2

g CaCO3 / g TiO2

Commercial Actual Density Experimental Actual Density

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 Table 5.1-2 Physicochemical Properties of Paint

Viscosity (K.U) Temperature (oC) Fineness of Grind

Paint 1 2.069 61.4 29.2 8

(Commercial)

Paint 2 2.069 62.1 28.6 75

Paint 3 1 63.7 29.1 75

Paint 4 0.483 64.6 28.5 75

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 Pigment Ratio vs. Viscosity
65

64

63 Paint
4 Paint
3
62
(ku) Paint
2
61

Standar Standar Standar

60
d d d
CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3
59
0.5 1 2

g CaCO3 / g TiO2

Commercial Viscosity Experimental Viscosity

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 Table 5.2.2 Drying time of sample paints

Drying Stages Standard Paint 2 Paint 3 Paint 4

Set-to-touch 3 minutes 4.5 minutes 0.6 minutes 2 minutes

Tack free 9 minutes 12 minutes 12 minutes 24 minutes

10 hour, 27 11 hours, 9
Dry hand >12 hours >12 hours
minutes minutes

Dry through >12 hours >12 hours >12 hours >12 hours
Adhesion Test
Table 5.2.3-1 Standard Reference for Paint
Adhesion Test
Scale Remarks

5A No peeling or removal

Trace peeling or removal along the incisions or

4A
at their intersection

Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6 mm on

3A
either side

Jagged removal along most of incisions up to

2A
3.2 mm on either side

Removal from most of the area of the X under

1A
the tape

0A Removal beyond the area of the X

Table 5.2.4-1 CIELAB of paint samples from spectrophotometer
Paint Contrast ratio

Commercial 93.33

Paint 2 93.44

Paint 3 93.86

Paint 4 94.78

Table 5.2.4-2 Contrast ratio of paint from spectrophotometer

Paint L a b

(Commercial) P1 95.02 -0.28 2.43

Paint 2 92.65 0.13

3.87
Paint 3 93.95 -0.09 2.82

Paint 4 -0.21 2.09

94.27
Opacity Chart
 Table 5.2.5Standard Leveling value

Drawdown Value Leveling Remarks

1 Very Poor

2 Very Poor

3 Poor

4 Poor

5 Poor-Good

6 Good

7 Good

8 Good-Very Good

9 Very Good
Leveling
Test
 Conclusion

The research shows that it is possible to produce flat wall

enamel using chicken eggshell as a source of CaCO3 extender.
The produced eggshell-based CaCO3 exhibits a satisfactory
performance based quality, making it suitable in the
preparation of flat wall enamel paint.

Among the paint samples prepared, the density and the

viscosity of P2 sample that uses eggshell as the source of
CaCO3 conforms to the standard paint sample that uses
commercial grade CaCO3.

The Standard sample particle size was 8 microns while the

experimental samples (Paints 2, 3, and 4) were 75 microns. The
experimental samples had much bigger particle size owing to
the lack of proper unit operation which the eggshells needed to
go through. Pigments were not dispersed well due to the large
 In regards with the performance evaluation of the produced
flat wall enamel paint with varying CaCO3- TiO2, all paints
sample were smooth to apply and can be considered acceptable
in terms of the ease of application. Results show that P4 paint
sample performs well in leveling, drying time and hiding power
assessment. This means that P4 is an ideal paint formulation for
the production of flat wall enamel paint. However, further
tweaking in the formula or adding some more cost-efficient
chemicals like TiO2 may lead to a better hiding power. It can also
be deduced that CaCO3-rich paints may have significantly lower
prices compared to TiO2-rich paints, driving the price sensitive
consumers and/or consumers who do not require superior hiding
power to still choose CaCO3 paints which may not have excellent
driving power but come in a much more affordable package.
 RECOMMENDATION
The experiment may have yielded much better results if
proper unit operation was done in order to come up with
smaller particle size. It is recommended to use proper
equipment to obtain optimum particle size for these process
in future similar experiments. The study aimed to produce a
cost-efficient primer paint which does not require superior
hiding power. In the case of primer paints, adhesion is top
priority since it will still be coated with another layer of
finishing paint. All paint samples have excelled in regards to
adhesion.
However, it may still be useful to reduce the paint's mineral
spirit to come up with a more viscous texture and enhanced
hiding power. An attractive alternative to paint producers
who wish to balance cost and effectivity is the formulation of
paints with equal levels of CaCO3 and TiO2, a formula that
may entail much lower production cost without compromising
quality particularly in terms of hiding power.