TRIGNOMETRY

Presentation by
DIVYA.S
16-EDM-26
B.Ed Mathematics
INTRODUCTION
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies
relationships involving lengths and angles of triangles.
The field emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd
century BC.
The 3rd-century astronomers first noted that the lengths

of the sides of a right-angle triangle and the angles

between those sides have fixed relationships.
That is, if at least the length of one side and the value of

one angle is known, then all other angles and lengths can
be determined algorithmically.
Trigonometry is most simply associated with planar
right-angle triangles (each of which is a two-dimensional
triangle with one angle equal to 90 degrees).
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
TRIGONOMETRY
BASIC CONCEPTS
Trigonometry first established relationships between the
angle and side measurements of a right angled triangle by
defining trigonometric functions.
Important basic elements
Right angled triangle

One of the opposite angles

Bottom side: base = b.

Perpendicular to the base, height=h.

Diagonal side, hypotenuse=l.

Pythagoras theorem:
(hypotenuse)^2 = (base)^2 + (height)^2

l^2 = b^2 + h^2 .

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
MnemonicS

A common use of mnemonics is to remember facts and

relationships in trigonometry.
For example, the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios in a
right triangle can be remembered by representing them
and their corresponding sides as strings of letters. For
instance, a mnemonic is SOH-CAH-TOA: [17]
Sine = Opposite Hypotenuse

Cosine = Adjacent Hypotenuse

Tangent = Opposite Adjacent

TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS (CONTD)
One way to remember the letters is to sound them out
phonetically i.e., SOH-CAH-TOA
Another method is to expand the letters into a sentence,
such as
"Some Old Hippie Caught Another Hippie Trippin' On
Acid".
The reciprocals of these functions are named
the cosecant (csc or cosec), secant (sec),
and cotangent (cot), respectively.
 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
sin( A) cos( A)
Quotient identitiestan(
: A) cot( A)
cos( A) sin( A)
cos( A) cos( A) sin( A) sin( A) tan( A) tan( A)
Even/Odd identities:
sec( A) sec( A) csc( A) csc( A) cot( A) cot( A)
Even functions Odd functions Odd functions

Reciprocal Identities:
1 1 1
csc( A) sec( A) cot( A)
sin( A) cos( A) tan( A)
1 1 1
sin( A) cos( A) tan( A)
csc( A) sec( A) cot( A)
Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 ( A) cos 2 ( A) 1
tan 2 ( A) 1 sec 2 ( A) 1 cot 2 ( A) csc 2 ( A)
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
SUMMATION & DIFFERENCE
FORMULAS

sin( A B) sin( A) cos( B) cos( A) sin( B)

cos( A B) cos( A) cos( B) sin( A) sin( B)
tan( A) tan( B)
tan( A B)
1 tan( A) tan( B)
 LAW OF SINES & LAW OF COSINES

Law of sines Law of cosines

sin( A) sin( B) sin(C ) c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos(C )

a b c b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos( B)
a b c
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos( A)
sin( A) sin( B) sin(C )
Use when you have a
Use when you have SAS, SSS.
complete ratio: SSA.
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
HALF ANGLE FORMULAS

A 1 cos( A) A
sin The quadrant of
2
2 2 determines the sign.

A 1 cos( A)
cos
2 2
A 1 cos( A)
tan
2 1 cos( A)
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS

sin( 2 A) 2 sin( A) cos( A)

cos(2 A) cos 2 ( A) sin 2 ( A) 1 2 sin 2 ( A) 2 cos 2 ( A) 1
2 tan( A)
tan(2 A)
1 tan 2 ( A)
EXERCISE
1. In a triangle PQR, right angled at Q, if tan P = 1/3 find
the value of sinPcosR+cosPsinR.
Solution :
sin P cos R+ cos P sin R = +/2 /2
= +3/4

= (1+3)/4
=1
2. Verify the identity sin30+cos30=1
Solution :
sin30+cos30=(1/2) +(3/2) =1/4+3/4=4/4=1
Hence verified.
APPLICATIONS
Application of Trigonometry - heights and distances
In this problem area, an object stands upright

perpendicularly on the surface and from a distance the

object is observed. If the angle of elevation is known along
with one of the height or distance to the object, the other can
be known.
This is one of the important application areas of

Trigonometry.
Angle of elevation

When the observer looks up to the top of a tall object, the

angle made by the horizontal line through point of

observation and the line from the top of the object to the
point of observation is the angle of elevation.
ANGLE OF ELEVATION
ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
APPLICATIONS IN
REAL LIFE
Trigonometry is commonly used in finding the height of towers
and mountains.
It is used in navigation to find the distance of the shore from a

point in the sea.

It is used in oceanography in calculating the height of tides in

oceans
It is used in finding the distance between celestial bodies

The sine and cosine functions are fundamental to the theory of

periodic functions such as those that describe sound and light
waves.
Architects use trigonometry to calculate structural load, roof

slopes, ground surfaces and many other aspects, including sun

shading and light angles.
THANK
YOU