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Elektronika Dasar

OPERASIONAL AMPLIFIER
OP-AMP

Jurusan Teknik Elektro

2007
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Op-amp : suatu IC analog

+ VCC

Input 1
+

Input 2 output
_

SIMBOL
- VEE
2
 SIFAT IDEAL
Ideally,
1. No current can enter terminals
V+ or V-. Called infinite input
A
impedance.
2. Vout=A(V+ - V-) with A
3. In a circuit
VOUT = (AV +- AV )
-
= A (V+ - V )
- V+ is forced equal to V-

4. An opamp needs two voltages

3 -V .
to power it Vcc and ee
 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
An operational amplifier (Op Amp) is
Vi1 - Vout an integrated circuit of a complete
A

Vi2 amplifier circuit.

B
+
Op amps have an extremely high gain
(A=105 typically).

Op amps also have a high input

Vout Vi 2 Vi1 A
impedance (R=4 M , typically) and a
low output impedance

(in order of 100 , typically) .

4
 Characters of Operational
Amplifiers

high open loop gain

high input impedance

Not used 8 7 6 5 Offset null low output impedance

low input offset voltage
low temperature coefficient of
input offset voltage
Offset null 1 2 3 4
low input bias current
wide bandwidth
large common mode rejection
ratio (CMRR)

5
 Voltage Output from an Amplifier
The linear range of an
amplifier is finite, and limited
Vout by the supply voltage and the
characteristics of the
amplifier.
A Non-linear
region
If an amplifier is driven beyond
Linear
Vin the linear range (overdriven),
region
serious errors can result if the
Vin= V2-V1 gain is treated as a constant.

Kalau A = 106 dan VCC = 12 Volt

Daerah Linier ini sangat Kecil maka daerah6 linier = 24 V
 OPAMP: COMPARATOR
(bekerja di daerah jenuh)

Vout=A(Vin Vref)
A If Vin>Vref, Vout = + but practically
hits +ve power supply = Vcc
A (gain)
very high If Vin<Vref, Vout = - but practically
hits ve power supply = -Vee
Application: detection of a complex signal in ECG

VREF Vcc Vout

-Vee
VIN

7
 OPAMP: ANALYSIS
The key to op amp analysis is simple
1. No current can enter op amp input terminals.
=> Because of infinite input impedance
2. The +ve and ve (non-inverting and inverting)
inputs are forced to be at the same potential.
=> Because of infinite open loop gain
3. Use the ideal op amp property in all your
analysis
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ISTIRAHAT

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 Inverting Amplifier
(bekerja di daerah linier)

RF Point B is grounded, point A is

called Virtual Grounded.
R1
Voltage across R1 is Vin, and
-
Vin A
across RF is Vout.
Vout
B
+ The output node voltage
R3
R1 RF determined by Kirchhoff's
R1 RF
Current Law (KCL).

Circuit voltage gain determined

Vout R
G F by the ratio of R1 and RF.
Vin R1

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 PENGUAT INVERTING
(bekerja di daerah linier)

Kondisi fisik

1 8
R2
2 7

3 6
R1 output
R3 4 5

input
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 OPAMP: INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
1. V- = V+
2. As V+ = 0, V- = 0 (VG)
3. As no current can
enter V- and from
Kirchoffs Ist law, I1=I2.
4. I1 = (VIN - V-)/R1 = VIN/R1
5. I2 = (0 - VOUT)/R2 = -VOUT/R2 => VOUT = -I2R2
6. From 3 and 6, VOUT = -I2R2 = -I1R2 = -VINR2/R1 (NEG)
7. Therefore VOUT = (-R2/R1)VIN 12
 Analysis of Inverting Amplifier
RF

iF KCL at A: i1 i i F i F
R1
VIN V
-
- VIN V V Vout
in i-A i1 and iF
i1 i+
Vout R1 RF
B
+
R
i 0 V 0 V 0

Ideal transfer characteristics: VIN Vout Vout RF

or
R1 RF Vin R1
i i 0

V V
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 OPAMP: NON INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
(bekerja di daerah linier)

1. V- = V+
2. As V+ = VIN, V- = VIN
Vx 3. As no current can enter
V- and from Kirchoffs
Ist law, I1=I2.

4. I1 = Vx/R1=VIN/R1

5. I2 = (VOUT - VIN)/R2 VOUT = VIN + I2R2

6. VOUT = I1R1 + I2R2 = (R1+R2)I1 = (R1+R2)VIN/R1
7. Therefore VOUT = (1 + R2/R1)VIN (tak berlawanan)
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 Noninverting Amplifier
Point VA equals to Vin .

RF
Op-amp circuit is a voltage divider.
R1
- R1
A
V A Vout
R1 RF
+ Vout
Vin B

Circuit voltage gain determined by the ratio of R1 and RF.

Vout RF
G 1
Vin R1

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 OPAMP : VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
(BUFER)
(bekerja di daerah linier)

V+ = VIN.
i=0
V- = V+
Thus Vout = V- = V+ = VIN !!!!
So whats the point ?
The point is, due to the infinite input impedance of
an op amp, no current at all can be drawn from
the circuit before VIN. Thus this part is effectively
isolated.
Very useful for interfacing to high impedance
sensors such as microelectrode, microphone16
ISTIRAHAT

17
 Differential Amplifier
RF
Point B is grounded, so does
point A (very small).
R1
V1 -
A Voltage across R1 is V1, and
R2
V2 + Vout across R2 is V2.
B
R3
Normally: R1 = R2, and RF
= R3.

Commonly used as a single

RF op-amp instrumentation
Vout (V2 V1 )
R1 amplifier.

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 Analysis of an Instrumentation
Amplifier
RF Design a single op-amp instrumentation
amplifier.
R1 = R2, RF = R3
R1
V1 - Determine the instrumentation gain.
A
R2 V1 V A V VOUT
V2 Vout A iA
B
+ R1 RF
R3 V2 VB V
iB B
R2 R3
i A iB 0
V1 V A V VOUT VB V2 VB
V A VB A
R1 RF R3 R2
RF VOUT V A VB V V1 VA VB
Vout (V2 V1 ) 2
R1 RF R1

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 SUMMING AMPLIFIER
Recall inverting
If
amplifier and
If = I 1 + I 2 + + I n

VOUT = -Rf (V1/R1 + V2/R2 + + Vn/Rn)

RF RF RF
Vout V1 V2 V3
R1 R2 R3
Summing amplifier is a good example of analog circuits serving as analog
computing amplifiers (analog computers)!
Note: analog circuits can add, subtract, multiply/divide (using logarithmic
components, differentiat and integrate in real time and continuously.
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For the following circuit, calculate the
input resistance.

Rf
R1
Vin

Vout

R2

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INSTRUMENTATI
ON AMPLIFIER

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 INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER Inverting
amplifier
Gain in the multiple stages: i.e.
High Gain so, you can
amplify small signals

very high
input
impedance
- So, you can
connect to
sensors

Differential amplifier ->

Non-inverting
it rejects common-mode
amplifier
interference -> so you
can reject noise
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INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER: STAGE 1
Recall virtual ground of opamps
I1 = (V1 V2)/R1
Recall no current can enter
I2 opamps and Kirchoffs current law
I1I1
I3
I2 = I 3 = I 1
Recall Kirchoffs voltage law
VOUT = (R1 + 2R2)(V1 V2)/R1
= (V1 V2)(1+2R2/R1)
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 INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER: STAGE 2
Recall virtual ground of opamps
and voltage divider

VA V- = V+ = VBR4/(R3 + R4)
I2 Recall no current can enter
VB I1
I3 opamps
(VA V-)/R3 = (V- VOUT)/R4
Solving,
VOUT = (VA VB)R4/R3

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 INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER: COMPLETE

VOUT = (V1 V2)(1 + 2R2/R1)(R4/R3)

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 Analog Signal Conditioner
(Current to Voltage Converter,
LM-324)
+5 VDC
4.7k
10k
Sensor
Variable Resistor I1 I2 10k
I3
Vout
0-5
VDC
5k

As force is applied on the sensor, the value of the variable resistor

changes which results in a specific voltage output.

Gain = Vout/Vin = 1 Resistor Values for the Inverting OP-Amp can

be changed to modify gain of converter or to amplify the signal of
interest.
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 KOMPARATOR

Rangkaian komparator digunakan untuk

membandingkan tegangan masukan dan
tegangan referensi.
Tegangan keluaran hanya ada dua kondisi yaitu
tegangan tinggi atau rendah (negatif).
Kondisi ini ditentukan oleh besarnya tegangan
masukan apakah lebih tinggi terhadap
tegangan referensi atau lebih rendah.
Persoalan dalam komparator sederhana adalah
stabilitas. Bila tegangan masukan bervariasi
sekitar tegangan referensi maka tegangan
keluaran akan berubah-ubah tidak28 stabil.
KOMPARATOR
SEDERHANA

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KURVA HUBUNGAN TEGANGAN

Vr>0

Vi < Vr Vi > Vr

Vo = +Vsat Vo = 30
-Vsat
KURVA HUBUNGAN TEGANGAN
Vo

Vr=0
Vi

Vi < Vr Vi > Vr

Vo = +Vsat Vo = 31
-Vsat
KURVA HUBUNGAN TEGANGAN

Vo

Vr<0
Vi

Vi < Vr Vi > Vr

Vo = +Vsat Vo = 32
-Vsat
 STABILITAS KOMPARATOR
SEDERHANA
Teganga
n
masukan
VCC/2
Vcc Vin

Vcc/2

R
Tegangan
keluaran

33
 RANGKAIAN SCHMITT
Positive Feedback
Vin Vout
Vout /2

R R

Rangkaian ini disebut komparator

Schmitt trigger.
Rangkaian resistor membuat positive
feedback. 34
 CARA KERJA Schmitt trigger

Vin Vout
Vout /2

R R

Anggap tegangan masukan kecil, tegangan keluaran menjadi tinggi.

Bila Vout is 4 V, maka masukan non-inverting V+ adalah 2 Volt.
Kondisi keluaran tetap selama Vin kurang dari 2 Volt.
Bila Vin diperbesar sehingga lebih besar dari 2 V, maka Vout akan nol, dan V+
akan nol juga. Kondisi output ini akan tetap, selama Vin lebih35besar 2 V.
TAK STABIL

36
STABIL
histerisis

37
STABIL

38
STABIL

39
RANGKAIAN dan
OUTPUT

40
KETERANGAN SCHMITT
Schmitt trigger adalah sebuah aplikasi
comparator yang mengubah tagangan
keluaran menjadi negatif bila mtegangan
masukan lebih besar tegangan referensi.
Kemudian menggunakan
negative feedback untuk mencegah agar
tegangan keluaran tdk kembali ke kondisi
semula saat tegangan kembali kurang
dari tegangan referensi, sampai nanti
masukan lebih kecil dari yang ditentukan.
41
 A
P
L
I
K
A
S
I
42
 PERHITUNGAN
Kerja Schmitt trigger merupakan proses komparasi
dengan threshold ganda. Persamaan arus di titik A:

Karena hanya 2 pers, maka harus ada satu R yang

ditentukan dulu.

Ingat : Vout = VCC saat Vin diatas batas atas (V2)

Vout = -VEE saat Vin dibawah batas bawah (V2).
43
 u

44
LM741

45
NOMOR KAKI

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
 KESIMPULAN
Op-amp dapat digunakan sebagai :
1. Penguat INVERTING
2. Penguat NON INVERTING
3. BUFER
4. Penguat PENJUMLAH
5. Penguat INSTRUMENTASI
6. Pengubah ARUS KE TEGANGAN
atau sebaliknya
7. KOMPARATOR
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 PR
Buktikan rumus untuk menghitung R1, R2 dan R3
pada komparator Schmitt (slide 41), bila batas
atas dan batas bawah diketahui.

Rencanakanlah sebuah komparator Schmitt

dengan menggunakan sebuah op-amp, yang
menggunakan single supply 5 Volt. Batas
tegangan yang dideteksi adalah diatas 3 Volt
memberikan tegangan output tinggi, dan
dibawah 1 Volt menghasilkan tegangan output
rendah. Tentukan nilai R yang diperlukan.
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