Introduction to Thermodynamics

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Principles of Engineering
Thermodynamics
Rub your hands together for 15 seconds.

Are your hands warm?

Thermal energy
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Thermodynamics
The study of the effects of work, heat
flow, and energy on a system
Movement of thermal energy
Engineers use thermodynamics in
systems ranging from nuclear power
plants to electrical components.

SURROUNDINGS

SYSTEM

BOUNDARY 3
Thermal Energy Versus Temperature
Thermal Energy is kinetic energy in transit from
one object to another due to temperature
difference. (Joules)
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of
particles in an objectnot the total amount of
kinetic energy particles. (Degrees)
Temperature #1 Temperature #2

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Heat
Temperature Scales
Scale Freezing Boiling point
point of water of water
Celsius 0 C 100 C
Fahrenheit 32 F 212 F
Kelvin 273 K 373 K

Matter is made up of molecules in motion (kinetic energy)

An increase in temperature increases motion

A decrease in temperature decreases motion
Absolute Zero occurs when all kinetic energy is
removed from a object 0 K = -273 C 5
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium is obtained when touching
objects within a system reach the same
temperature.
When thermal equilibrium is reached, the system
loses its ability to do work.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems
are separately found to be in thermal equilibrium
with a third system, the first two systems are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
Object #1
(Thermometer)

Object #1 Object #2 Object #2 6 Object #3

Thermal Energy (heat) Transfer
The transfer or movement of thermal energy
Most common types of transfer
Convection
Conduction
Radiation
100% efficiency is unattainable
ALL processes are irreversible

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1st Law of Thermodynamics
Law of energy conservation applied to a
thermal system
Thermal energy can change form and location, but
it cannot be created or destroyed.
Thermal energy can be increased within a system
by adding thermal energy (heat) or by performing
work in a system.

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First Law of Thermodynamics
Example: Using a bicycle pump
Pumping the handle results in what?
Applying mechanical energy into the
system
Mechanical energy is converted into
thermal energy as you push (do work) on
the piston and compress the air
The total increase in internal energy of
the system is equal to what?
The applied mechanical energy
iStockphoto.com

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Second Law of Thermodynamics
Thermal energy flows from hot to cold

When you touch a frozen

pizza with your hand,
thermal energy flows in
what direction?
iStockphoto.com Hand Pizza

When you touch a cooked

pizza with your hand,
thermal energy flows in
what direction?
iStockphoto.com
Pizza Hand
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy is the measure of how evenly
distributed heat is within a system.
- A system tends to go from order to disorder

Order Disorder
Firewood has low entropy (molecules in order) when stacked
and high entropy when burning (molecules in disorder).
The total amount of energy in the world does not change, but
the availability of that energy constantly decreases.
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Thermal Energy Transfer
Convection
The transfer of thermal energy by movement
of fluid (liquid or gas)
When fluid is heated, it expands, becomes
less dense, and rises.
Boiler heating systems
circulate heat
throughout a home
without pumps through
the use of convection.
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Thermal Energy Transfer
Conduction
The transfer of thermal energy within an
object or between objects from molecule to
molecule

A metal spoon placed in a hot

cup of soup will feel warm to
your hand. The heat from the
soup is conducted through the
spoon. iStockphoto.com

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Thermal Energy Transfer Equations

Q = m cT

Q = energy transfer (Joules)

m = mass of the material (kilograms)
c =specific heat capacity of the material (J/kgoC )
T = change in temperature

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Thermal Energy Transfer Equations
Q k AT P L
P= P= k=
t L
AT

P = rate of energy transfer (Watts)

Q = energy transfer (Joules)
t = change in time (seconds)
k = thermal conductivity
A = area of thermal conductivity
L = thickness of material
T = difference in temperature 15
Calculating Energy Transfer
Calculate the energy transferred when a
block of aluminum at 80.0 C is placed in
Q
1.00 liter (1 kg) of water at 25.0 C if the
final temperature becomes 30.0 C.
Step 1. List all known values

Mass of water = mwater = 1 kg

J
Specific heat capacity of water = cw= 4184 kg o C

change in temperature = Twater = 30.0C 25.0 C = 5.0 C

J
cAl = 900. kg o C

change in temperature = TAl = 80.0 C 30.0 C = 50.0 C

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Calculating Energy Transfer
Step 2. List all unknown values
Q = energy transferred
mAl = mass of the Al block

Step 3. Select equations to solve unknown values

Q = m c T
Q Al = Q water

Step 4. Solve for Qwater

J
Q water = (1.00kg) 4184 o
5.0 C = 21, 000 J gained
o

kg C

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Calculating Energy Transfer
Step 5. Solve for mAl

Q Al (lost) = Q water (gained) = 20,920 J

Q Al = m Al c Al T
Q Al 20,920J
m Al = =
c Al T 900. J 50.0o C
kg oC

m Al = 0.46 kg = 460g
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Calculating Energy Transfer
Calculate the energy transfer in a wall section
measuring 2 m by 1 m by 0.04 m thick with a
J Q
thermal conductivity of 0.10. s m C

Opposing sides of the wall section have a

temperature of 10 C and 5 C after one hour.
Step 1. List all known values
Area of thermal conductivity = A = 2 m * 1 m = 2 m2
J
Thermal conductivity = k =0.10 s mo C

Thickness of material = L = 0.04 m

Difference in temperature = T = 10 C 5 C = 5 C
Change in time = t = 1 hour = 3600 s
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Calculating Energy Transfer
Step 2. List all unknown values
P = Rate of energy transfer
Q = Energy transfer

Step 3. Select equations to solve unknown values

Q kA T
P= P=
t L
Step 4. Solve in terms of Q

Q = Pt
Step 5. Combine equations

kAT
Q=(
)t
L 20
Calculating Energy Transfer
Step 6. Apply known values

kAT
Q =t

L

0.10 smJ C 2m 2
5 C
Q= 3600s
0.04m
Q = 90,000J

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U-Value
Coefficient of Heat Conductivity
The measure of a materials ability to
conduct heat
P
U=
AT
W
Metric system
m 2 C
Btu

U.S. customary system ft 2 hr F
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R-Value
Thermal Resistance of a Material
The measure of a materials ability to resist
heat
The higher the R-value, the higher the
resistance

1 P
R= U=
U AT
Bulk R-value =
R-value Object 1 + R-value Object 2 + = Total
23 R-Value
Calculating R-Value
Determine the R-value of the wall cavity below
1 in. foil-faced polyisocyanurate
Fiberglass batt (R = 7.20)
(R = 19) 1 in. air space
(R = 0.17)
5/8 in. drywall Brick 2 x 3 x 8
(R = 0.56) (R = 0.8)

Wall cavity R-value What is the R-value

at a stud location?
0.56
+19.00 0.56
+ 7.20 + 6.88
+ 0.17 + 7.20
+ 0.8 + 0.17
= 27.7 + 0.8
=15.6
2 x 6 construction 24
(2 x 6 R = 6.88)
Thermal Energy Transfer
Radiation
The process by which energy is transmitted
through a medium, including empty space, as
electromagnetic waves
Stefans Law
All objects lose and gain
thermal energy by
electromagnetic radiation.
iStockphoto.com

Electromagnetic waves transfer

4 4
Pnet =Ae(T 2 - T ) 1
to food and other matter

P =radiated energy transfer e emissivity constant

=Stefan's constant =5.6696x10
W
-8 T temperature in Kelvin
m2 K 4
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A =area
Thermal Energy Transfer
Prior to dressing for school, a student watches the morning
weather to decide what clothes to wear. The bedroom is 65 F
and the students skin is 91.4 F. Determine the net energy
transfer from the students body during the 15.0 minutes spent
watching the morning weather. Note: Skin emissivity is 0.90,
and the surface area of the student is 1.30 m 2.

Step 1. List all known values

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Area =A=1.30m
Emissivity constant =e=0.90
Stefans constant = = 5.669610-8 W iStockphoto.com

m2 K4
Bedroom temperature =T1=65F
Skin temperature =T =91.4F
2
Change in time = t = 15.0 minutes = 900.s 26
Thermal Energy Transfer
Step 2. List all unknown values
P = Rate of energy transfer
Q = Energy transfer
iStockphoto.com

Step 3. Select equations to solve unknown values

Pnet =Ae(T 2 4- T 14)

Q = Pt
4 4
Step 4. Apply known values to Pnet =Ae( T2 - T1 )

4 4 91.4F =306.15K
Solve for( T2 - T ) 1
65F =291.48K

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Thermal Energy Transfer
4
Step 4 (continued). Apply known values to Pnet =Ae T 2 - T 1
4

Step 5. Combine equations and solve

Q = Pt iStockphoto.com

93,500 J of energy
are transferred from
Q =103.92W 900.s the students body
during the 15 minutes
Q =93,500J spent watching the
morning
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weather.
Applications of Thermal Energy

http://www.nrel.gov

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Examples of Solar Energy

All images were obtained from the following URL: http://www1.eere.energy.gov

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Geothermal Energy
Energy generated from the thermal energy
stored beneath the Earths surface
Also refers to the heat that is collected from
the atmosphere; for instance, near the oceans

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Resources

Energy Information Association. (n.d.). Energy kids page. Retrieved

March 23, 2008, from http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts
McGraw-Hill dictionary of engineering. (2nd ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
NASA. (2008). Glenn research center. Retrieved March 23, 2008
from http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/home/index.html

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2007). TroughNet.

Retrieved March 23, 2008, from http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet

U.S. Department of Energy. (2008). Solar energy technologies

program. Retrieved March 23, 2008, from
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar

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