Windfarm

Wind Farm Protection
Graeme Lloyd
Senior Product Management Engineer
EAI, Stafford 25/03/04

Co-generation/Embedded Machines
AR?
PES
system
81U/O Frequency
27/59 Voltage 50/51N O/C & E/F
Islanded load
59N Residual Voltage
32 Power fed unearthed
df/dt ROCOF (LOM)
dV Voltage Vector Shift
(LOM)
3 3
P341 (G59) Interconnection Protection
64
67N
50 50N
51 51N
59N
67
81O df dV 27
81U dt 59
32
R,LF,O
4 4
33kV Transformer feeder extension to windfarm -
<10MVA,11kV collection
5 5
33kV ring network with embedded generation,
2 wind farms with collection voltage at 33 kV
6 6
Comprehensive Protection
7 7
Windfarm Protection Relays
Models
P341 G59 Interconnection
Protection Relay
P12x/P14x Feeder Protection

(OC, EF and AR)
P92x Voltage/Frequency
protection
8 8
ER G59 Protection Requirements for
Connection of Distributed Generators
<5MW to Systems <20kV
9 9
MiCOM P341 Applications
G59 Protection Equipment
- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection -

10 10
General Requirements Protective Equipment
To inhibit connection of the generating equipment to the RECs
supply unless all phases of the RECs supply are energised and
operating within the agreed protection settings
To disconnect the generator from the system when a system
abnormality occurs that results in an unacceptable deviation of
the voltage or frequency at the point of supply

11 11
General Requirements Protective Equipment
To disconnect the generator from the RECs system in the event
of loss of one or more phases of the RECs supply to the
installation
To ensure that either the automatic disconnection of the
generating plant, or where there is component supervision of an
installation, the operation of an alarm with audible and visual
indication, in the event of a failure of any supplies to the
protective equipment that would inhibit its correct operation

12 12
Protection Requirements for Private Generator Operating in
Parallel with Electricity Board Network
Notes: (1) Protection for generators
(2) Sensitive Relay
(3) Optional Permanent Parallel Operation
(4) Application dependant
HV Generators LV Generators
Protection required
No Export Small Medium Large
Protection required for <150kV 150-250kVA >250kVA
Export
Electricity Board Network
Under & Over Volt & Frequency
Loss of Mains (1)
Overcurrent
Earth Fault
Reverse Power (2) (3) (3)
Directional Overcurrent (3)
Neutral Volt Displacement (4)
Parallel Limit Timer
13 13
Protection Requirements for Private Generator Operating in
Parallel with Electricity Board Network
Notes: (1) Protection for generators
(2) Sensitive Relay
(3) Optional Short Term Test Parallel Operation (5 min max)
(4) Application dependant
Protection required HV Generators LV Generators
No Small Medium Large

Protection required for <150kV 150-250kVA >250kVA
Export
Electricity Board Network
Under & Over Voltage & Frequency
Loss of Mains (1)
Overcurrent
Earth Fault
Reverse Power
Directional Overcurrent (3)
Neutral Voltage Displacement (4)
Parallel Limit Timer
14 14
Protective Equipment and Recommended Setting for LV
Supply Arrangements
Protection Phases Trip Setting Total*
Tripping Time
Under Voltage All -10% (Phase neutral) 0.5s
Over Voltage All +10% (Phase neutral) 0.5s
Under Frequency
One -6% 0.5s
Over frequency
One +1% 0.5s
* The total tripping time includes any intrergration or timing period

of the protection relay as well as relay circuit-breaker operating
time
For all other arrangements the settings of the relays should be
15
agreed with the REC 15
Voltage Vector Shift Protection
An expression for a sinusoidal mains voltage waveform is generally
given by the following:
V = Vp sin (wt) or V = Vp sin (t)
where (t) = wt = 2ft
If the frequency is changing at constant rate Rf from a frequency fo

then the variation in the angle (t) is given by:
(t) = 2f dt, (F = Fo + Rf t)
which gives (t) = 2{fo t + t Rf t/2}
and V = V sin {2(fo + t Rf/2)t}
Hence the angle change (t) after time t is given by:
(t) = Rf t2
16 16
Single phase line diagram showing generator parameters
R jX
IL
E VT

17 17
Vector Diagram Representing Steady State Condition
IL X
VT IL R
IL

18 18
Transient voltage vector change due to change in
load current IL
E
I LX
VT
I LR

IL VT
I LX
IL

19 19
df/dt
The rate of change of speed, or frequency, following a power
disturbance can be approximated by:
P.f
df/dt =
2GH
where P = Change in power output between

synchronised and islanded operation
f = Rated frequency
G = Machine rate MVA
H = Inertia constant
20 20
P341 df/dt calculation
Fn- f n - 3 cycle
df/dt =
3 cycle
Two consecutive calculations must give a result above

the setting threshold before a trip decision can be
initiated

21 21
df/dt+t: Time Delayed ROCOF
t
Start
Pick up cycles
Trip
f
Time delay
df/dt Setting
22 22

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Wind Farm Protection

EAI, Stafford 25/03/04

P12x/P14x Feeder Protection

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection -

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection -

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection -

Under & Over Volt & Frequency

Loss of Mains (1)

Reverse Power (2) (3) (3)

Directional Overcurrent (3)

Neutral Volt Displacement (4)

Parallel Limit Timer

No Small Medium Large

Under & Over Voltage & Frequency

Loss of Mains (1)

Directional Overcurrent (3)

Neutral Voltage Displacement (4)

Parallel Limit Timer

* The total tripping time includes any intrergration or timing period

V = Vp sin (wt) or V = Vp sin (t)

where (t) = wt = 2ft

If the frequency is changing at constant rate Rf from a frequency fo

which gives (t) = 2{fo t + t Rf t/2}

and V = V sin {2(fo + t Rf/2)t}

Hence the angle change (t) after time t is given by:

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection -

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection -

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection -

where P = Change in power output between

G = Machine rate MVA

Two consecutive calculations must give a result above

- MiCOM P341 Generator Protection -

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