Dr. G. P. Sahu
(Assistant Professor Information Systems)
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Objective of ISM
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Steps of ISM Methodology
1. Variables affecting the system under consideration are
listed.
2. The Structural Self Interaction Matrix (SSIM) is
developed for the variables.
3. Reachability Matrix is developed from the SSIM.
4. Reachability Matrix obtained in step 3 is partitioned
into different level.
5. Finally the hierarchies of the variables are formed.
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Example of Interpretive Structural
Modeling
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Variables affecting Information and
Communication Technology adoption in SME.
Sl. Variables Supporting Studies
No.
1 Relative Advantage Lee and Runge (2001). Khazanchi
(2005); Seyal and Rahman (2003).
2 Social Expectation Lee and Runge (2001). Khazanchi
(2005); Seyal and Rahman (2003).
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Relative Advantage
Social Expectation
Firms Innovativeness
Management Attributes
Usage of Information
Organisational Attributes and Communication
Technology
Adoption Attributes
Owners knowledge
Government Support
Financial Resource 9
Interpretive Structural Modeling
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Structural Self Interaction Matrix
(SSIM)
ISM methodology suggest the use of expert
opinions based on the various management
technique in developing the contextual
relationship among the variables.
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Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM)
Elements 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 Relative Advantage A A A D D B A A A A
2 Social Expectation A A A A D A A A D
3 Firms Innovativeness D D D D D D A D
4 Management Attributes A B D A D A A
5 Organizational Attributes A D A A D A
6 Adoption Attributes B D D A D
7 End User experience B A A A
8 Owner knowledge A D D
9 Extra Org. situation B D
10 Government Support D
11 Financial Resource
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Reachability Matrix
A, If i is predictor of j, then (i,j) is 1 and (j,i)
is 0
B, If j is predictor of i then (j,i) is 1 and (i,j)
is 0
C, If i and j predict each other then (i,j) is 1
and (j,i) is 1
D, If no predict each other then (i,j) is 0 and (j,i)
is 0
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Reachability Matrix
Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 Relative Advantage 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
2 Social Expectation 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
3 Firms Innovativeness 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 Management Attributes 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
5 Organizational Attributes 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
6 Adoption Attributes 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
7 End User experience 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
8 Owner knowledge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
9 Extra Org. situation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
10 Government Support 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
11 Financial Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
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Reachability Set
Variable Reachability Set
1 1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11
2 2,4,5,6,8,9,10,11
3 3,5
4 4,5,6,8,11
5 5,6,8,9,11
6 1,6,8,
7 7,8,9,10
8 8,11
9 9
10 4,6,10
11 7,9,11
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Antecend Set
Variable Antecend Set
1 1,6
2 1,2
3 1,3
4 1,2,4,10
5 1,2,3,4,5
6 2,4,5,6,10
7 7,11
8 2,4,5,6,7,8
9 1,2,5,7,9,11
10 1,2,7,10
11 1,2,4,5,8,11
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Level of Variables
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Level of Variables
Variable Reachability Antecend Intersection Set Level
Set Set
1 1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11 1,6 1 VII
2 2,4,5,6,8,9,10,11 1,2 2 VI
3 3,5 1,3 3 II
4 4,5,6,8,11 1,2,4,10 4 IV
5 5,6,8,9,11 1,2,3,4,5 5 III
6 1,6,8, 2,4,5,6,10 6 III
7 7,8,9,10 7,11 7 III
8 8,11 2,4,5,6,7,8 8 II
9 9 1,2,5,7,9,11 9 I
10 4,6,10 1,2,7,10 10 V
11 7,9,11 1,2,4,5,8,11 11 II
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Variable Hierarchy
Extra Organizational
Situation (9)
Organizational Attributes (5) Adoption Attributes (6) End User experience (7)