Simulation
History Match
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Data review
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Main issues
Methodology overview
Key features
Matching parameters
Pressure Match
Flow rates Match
Uncertainty contributions
Well controls
Eclipse keywords
Exercise
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Observed flow rates are imposed on wells during the history period
One expect to reproduce:
pressure evolution
WCT and GOR
gas or water breakthrough
production rates
Inconvenients:
Many data are unknown (no information available far from wells)
It is not obvious to detect the most influent data (all data act together)
Some artefacts must be corrected
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MODIFICATION OF
SIMULATION RUN PARAMETERS
YES
NO
GOOD NO MODIFICATION OF
MATCH GEOMODEL
YES
FORECAST RUN
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Remind
It
is better to have rough, consistent matching than matching
which is accurate but destroys the model
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Like all physical assets, data require maintenance over time. Raw data will
degrade when errors are introducedtypically through human
intervention, as when data are manually entered into spreadsheets or
various processing routines used for decision making.
Validity: do the data make sense, honour science and corporate standards?
Completeness: does the client have all of the required data?
Uniqueness: are there duplicate items in the same data store?
Consistency: do the attributes of each item agree between data sources?
Audit: has an item been modified, added or deleted?
Data changes: have any attributes of an item been modified?
These measurement categories translate into business rules for assessing the
data.
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Cumulate production
Reservoir pressure
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Water cut
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Time = 8000 days Time = 12,000 days Time = 8000 days Time = 12,000 days Time = 8000 days Time = 12,000 days
Krw Kro So
Aquifer activity
Pore and fluid compressibility
The material balance should address the whole reservoir voidage (no material
balance per fluid at surface conditions). The total fluid withdrawal at reservoir
conditions (reservoir voidage) is:
Qres Qo Bo Qg Bg Rs Qo Bg Qw Bw
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It is usual to calculate an average pressure from 5 grid cells (areal model) weighed by
the respective pore volumes (BP5 in summary section).
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Diffusivity equation:
2 P 2 P 2 (P g z) K P
x 2 y 2 z 2 c t
Main parameters:
hydraulic diffusivity, K/(..c)
permeability, K
fluid viscosity,
porosity,
total compressibility, c
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Objective: Get a correct relationship between flow rate, reservoir pressure and bottom hole
flowing pressure.
Main parameters:
Numerical productivity index or connection factor (CF):
2 K h
CFwell
Drainage area properties:
ln(ro / rw ) S
Transmissivity distribution
Transfer functions: relative permeability and capillary pressure
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The reservoir model production history is run with all the producing wells
governed by the "reservoir voidage" option.
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Simulation is now run by setting the oil rate for producers so bottom hole
flowing pressure, gas and water rates are calculated by the simulator.
The phase rate matching consists of adjusting the calculated GOR and
WCT to the field measured values.
Main parameters:
Permeabilities Transmissivities.
Objectives
Modify relative permeabilty tables in an easy way, kr tables are normalized and
remain always the same, only the end-points are changed and kr curves are then
recalculated.
It's a useful option in History Match simulations.
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SCALECRS
YES /
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0,90
0,80
SWCR= 0.35
0,60
Kr
0,50
0,10
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0,00
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
Sw
ITB - Reservoir Simulation Course, Bandung
Flow rates match
Example 2 1,00
0,90
0,80
SWL= 0.20
0,70
SWCR= 0.25
0,60
Kr
0,50
0,40
krw un-scaled
kro un-scaled
0,30
Krw 2-point scaling
krw 3-point scaling
0,20
kro 2-point scaling
0,00
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
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Sw
ITB - Reservoir Simulation Course, Bandung
Flow rates match
Water breakthrough
LGR
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Seismic interpretation
Geological interpretation
Well production allocation
Observed data (bottom hole pressures, well logs, etc.)
Fluid models
Simulation grid accuracy (e.g. fault juxtapositions),
orientation, etc.
General poor control outside the main reservoir structure
(aquifer support etc.)
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Main Controls
In
history Matching, observed average rates are known; controls
are simple.
ECLIPSE keywords
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--restart results
RPTRST
DATES
1 'AUG' 2008 /
/
END
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Well definitions
WELSPECS: General specification data for wells
WELSPECS
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6
--name group i j BHP_ref_dep phase
P1 'PROD' 20 7 2500 'OIL' /
/
Well P1 belongs to group PROD
Well head is at i=20, j=7
BHP reference depth of 2500. Defaults to depth of top-most
connection
OIL is the preferred phase (used only for PI output)
Other items can usually be defaulted
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Well completions
COMPDAT: Well completion specification data
COMPDAT
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7,8 9 10 11
--name i j k1 k2 status diameter skin
P1 20 7 3 8 'OPEN' 2* 0.15 1* 2 /
/
Well P1 is completed in layers 3 to 8 of colum i=20, j=7
The well bore diameter is 0.15 m and the skin is +2
Eclipse will compute the connection factor using the Peaceman
formula:
for a vertical well
using kh values of the completed cells
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Well completions
COMPDAT
-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
--name i j k1 k2 status CF diam kh skin direction
P1 20 7 3 3 'OPEN' 1* 23.47 0.15 /
P1 20 7 4 4 'OPEN' 1* 6.14 0.15 /
P1 20 6 4 4 'OPEN' 1* 8.25 0.15 /
P1 20 6 5 5 'OPEN' 1* 94.70 0.15 520.3 2 1* Z /
/
P1 is a deviated well crossing columns (20,7) and (20,6) completed in layers
3 to 5
The CF have been calculated in SCHEDULE application and input in item 8
the well bore diameter must be given
kh, skin and direction of penetration may be given for information as in the last
line above
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Well control
WCONHIST:
Specific to production wells in history matching
Sets the observed rates, per phase, in surface conditions
Calculates the production rate depending on the chosen
control mode
WHISTCTL:
Allows to change only the control mode; for example, to pass
from a reservoir rate control to a surface oil rate control
WCONINJH: for injection wells
P3
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Aperture: = 15,4
Petrophysics:
Laye Net Net Net Phi x KH
r thickness porosity permeability H (m) (mD.m
(m) (%) (mD) )
1 6,6 19,9 21,1 1,31 139
2 5,9 17,5 1,1 1,03 6
3 7,8 20,1 31,1 1,57 243
4 8,6 20,7 65,4 1,78 562
5 8,8 21,5 158,2 1,89 1392
Total 37,7 20,1 62,1 7,59 2343
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Aquifer volume
Adjusted with a PV multiplier in the outer cells
Permeability in the lowest layer
Adjusted with a TX multiplier
Kv/Kh anisotropy ratio
Adjusted with PERMZ/PERMX ratio
Maximum water relative permeability
Adjusted with relative permeability curves
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MATCH ? ? ? ?
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