Fluid Dynamics
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What is CFD?
What is CFD and its objective?
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Why use CFD?
Why use CFD?
Analysis and Design
Simulation-based design instead of build & test
More cost effectively and more rapidly than with experiments
CFD solution provides high-fidelity database for interrogation of
flow field
Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult to be
measured by experiments
Scale simulations (e.g., full-scale ships, airplanes)
Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)
Physics (e.g., weather prediction, planetary boundary layer, stellar
evolution)
Knowledge and exploration of flow physics
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Where is CFD used? (Aerospace)
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Wing-Body Interaction Hypersonic Launch Vehicle
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Where is CFD used? (Appliances)
Where is CFD used?
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas Surface-heat-flux plots of the No-Frost
Power Generation refrigerator and freezer compartments helped
BOSCH-SIEMENS engineers to optimize the
Sports location of air inlets.
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Where is CFD used? (Automotive)
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation Temperature and natural
convection currents in the eye
Sports following laser heating.
Spinal Catheter 8
Where is CFD used? (Chemical Processing)
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation Twin-screw extruder
modeling
Sports
Shear rate distribution in twin-
screw extruder simulation 9
Where is CFD used? (HVAC&R)
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Where is CFD used? (Marine)
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Where is CFD used? (Oil & Gas)
Power Generation
Sports
Flow of lubricating mud
over drill bit 13
Where is CFD used? (Power Generation)
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Physics
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Physics
Fluid Mechanics
Inviscid Viscous
Laminar Turbulence
Internal External
Compressible Incompressible (airfoil, ship)
(pipe,valve)
(air, acoustic) (water)
u
y uz 0
tutxuxxyuxyxzuzxyxpzxyyxzzxgx
x
(Equations based on average velocity)
Continuity
Equation of motion
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Navier-Stokes Equations
C.L. M. H. Navier, Memoire sur les Lois du Mouvements des Fluides, Mem. de lAcad. d. Sci.,6, 398 (1822)
C.G. Stokes, On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, Trans. Cambridge Phys. Soc., 8, (1845)
tvpvg
D
utuxtyzuxxuxuxxyzuyyuyuxyyzzuzuzxuzzyxpzyp2xu22xxuzy2yu22yxzy2zu22zxuzygxgzy
Navier-Stokes Equations
(constant and )
2 20
0IBn.tCegr yxu0dydauyx2txyu2xy20,duguyypyy0aztguzyLC11x2yp2xuy2yy2zuygy
uadtyyp
12Ldypg C
NavierStokes Example
uy21dypg(Lx-2)
FinalExpresion 2
Fluid
y
L
Laminar Flow
Static Parallel Plates
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Modeling
Mathematical representation of the physical problem
Some problems are exact (e.g., laminar pipe flow)
Exact solutions only exist for some simple cases. In these cases nonlinear terms
can be dropped from the N-S equations which allow analytical solution.
Most cases require models for flow behavior [e.g., K-, K-, Reynolds
Averaged Navier Stokes equations (RANS) or Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
for turbulent flow]
Initial Boundary Value Problem (IBVP), include: governing Partial Differential
Equations (PDEs), Initial Conditions (ICs) and Boundary Conditions (BCs)
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Turbulent Flow Representation
(K- as an example)
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Turbulent Boundary Layer
y
Bulk Stream
x
U0 Edge of boundary layer
Outer layer
dU w
w u
dy y 0
u
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y+ and Turbulence Models
COMSOL has many turbulent models available
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uxi,ji1,jxi,jx2ui,j2x3ui,j6x2
u
Finite Differences
Finite difference
representation
Direct methods
Truncation error
Methods of Solution
o
Numeric Solution
(Finite Differences)
x
Taylors Series Expansion
u i,j = velocity of fluid
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2
f 2f
x)s0in.?2ff((xx))f(x)f0.9xx512 xi,j2
afft((:x)x x
2 f
n
xi,jn!
xn
(x0a.c2ts)olui0n.2for c(0.os[)2 )r
Finite Difference Truncation Error
fE (09.8)]302E
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.o98075percnt
CFD process
Geometry description
Specification of flow conditions and properties
Selection of models
Specification of initial and boundary conditions
Grid generation and transformation
Specification of numerical parameters
Flow solution
Post processing: Analysis, and visualization
Uncertainty assessment
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Geometry description
Typical approaches
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Flow conditions and properties
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Selection of models for flow field
Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) is to solve the N-S equations
directly without any modeling. Grid must be fine enough to resolve
all flow scales. Applied for laminar flow and rare be used in
turbulent flow.
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (NS) equations (RANS) is to
perform averaging of NS equations and establishing turbulent
models for the eddy viscosity. Too many averaging might damping
vortical structures in turbulent flows
Large Eddy Simulation (LES), Smagorinsky constant model and
dynamic model. Provide more instantaneous information than
RANS did. Instability in complex geometries
Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) is to use one single formulation
to combine the advantages of RANS and LES.
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Initial and boundary conditions
For steady/unsteady flow
IC should not affect final solution, only convergence path, i.e.
iteration numbers needed to get the converged solution.
Robust codes should start most problems from very crude IC, .
But more reasonable guess can speed up the convergence.
Boundary conditions
No-slip or slip-free on the wall, periodic, inlet (velocity
inlet, mass flow rate, constant pressure, etc.), outlet
(constant pressure, velocity convective, buffer zone,
zero-gradient), and non-reflecting (compressible flows,
such as acoustics), etc.
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Grid generation
Grids can either be structured (hexahedral) or
unstructured (tetrahedral). Depends upon type
of discretization scheme and application
Scheme
Finite differences: structured
structured or unstructured
Application
Thin boundary layers best resolved
geometries
Unstructured grids permit automatic
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Grid Resolution
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Grid generation and transformation
Grids designed to resolve important
flow features which are dependent
upon flow parameters (e.g., Re)
Commercial codes such as Gridgen,
Gambit
For research code, grid generated by
one of several methods (algebraic vs.
PDE based, conformal mapping)
For complex geometries, body-fitted
coordinate system will have to be
applied (next slide). Grid Sample grid established by
transformation from the physical Gambit of FLUENT
domain to the computational domain
will be necessary
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Grid transformation
y
o x o
Physical domain Computational domain
Transformation between physical (x,y,z) f f f f f
x x
and computational () domains, x x x
important for body-fitted grids. The partial
f f f f f
derivatives at these two domains have the y y
y y y
relationship (2D as an example)
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Numerical parameters & flow
solution
Numerical parameters are used to control flow solution.
Under relaxation factor, tridiagonal or pentadiagonal solvers
CFD Labs using FlowLab
Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for unsteady flow
Flow solution
Solve the momentum, pressure Poisson equations and get flow field quantities, such as velocity, turbulence intensity, pressure
and integral quantities (drag forces)
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Numerical parameters & flow
solution
Typical time
history of
residuals
The closer the
flow field to the
converged
solution, the
smaller the speed
of the residuals
decreasing. Solution converged, residuals do
not change after more iterations
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Post-processing
Analysis, and visualization
Calculation of derived variables
Vorticity
Wall shear stress
Simple 2D contours
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Post-processing (Parallel Plates)
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Post-Processing (example)
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Uncertainty assessment
Rigorous methodology for uncertainty assessment using
statistical and engineering concepts
Verification: process for assessing simulation numerical uncertainty
Iterative convergence: monitoring point & integral quantities should
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CFD Example
Sulzer Chemtech
250 Y Plastic
Structured Packing
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Geometry
CT > STL > CFD
CT = 0.322 mm
Min Resolution
Copy/Pasted 2x
Surface Wrapping
Adaptive Meshing
Tetrahedral Mesh
Polyhedral Mesh
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Mess Dimensions
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Experiment vs. Simulation
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Velocity Map
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Software and resources
CFD software was built upon physics, modeling, numerics .
Two types of available software
Commercial (e.g., FLUENT, CFX, Star-CCM, COMSOL)
Research (e.g., CFDSHIP-IOWA, U2RANS)
More information on CFD can be got on the following website:
CFD Online: http://www.cfd-online.com/
CFD software
FLUENT: http://www.fluent.com/
COMSOL http://www.comsol.com/
CD-adapco: http://www.cd-adapco.com/
GridPro: http://www.gridpro.com/
Visualization software
Tecplot: http://www.amtec.com/
Fieldview: http://www.ilight.com/
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