Global CFC production

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Ozone hole in Southern hemisphere
October 1979 & 1998

• Monthly means of total ozone in the Southern

Hemisphere observed with TOMS
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• Images for October IST,JNTUH, Hyderabad
of 1979 (left) and 1998 (right).
3
 Ozone hole: size by month

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Ozone hole measurements over the
Antarctic region 1980-98

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Ozone concentration at the center
of ozone hole

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 Ozone hole over continents:
comparison 1996

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Image of the ozone hole over the
South pole: July 10 2003

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Image of the ozone hole over the
North pole: July 10 2003

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Ozone status: full day global image, July
9th 2003

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 Dynamic Equilibrium
creation of ozone

breakdown of
ozone

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 Anthropogenic Ozone Depletion
creation of ozone

breakdown of
ozone
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Effects of UV rays on Aquatic Ecosystems
Ozone depletion causes increases in UV
rays’s effects on aquatic ecosystems by:
1. decreasing the abundance of phytoplankton –
affects the food stock for fishes and the
absorption of CO2
2. decreasing the diversity of aquatic organisms –
reduces food stock and also destroys several
fish and amphibians.
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 Effects of UV rays on Terrestrial
Ecosystems
• Damage to plant cell DNA molecules - makes
plants more susceptible to pathogens and pests

• Reductions in photosynthetic capacity in the plant -

results in slower growth and smaller leaves
• Causes mutations in mammalian cells and destroys
membranes

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 Harmful effects of UV rays on
people
• Skin cancer
• Premature aging (photoaging) of the skin
(different from normal chronological aging)
• Cataracts and eye disorders (corneal
sunburn and blindness)
• Immune system damage

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 Correlation between Ozone
depletion and skin diseases

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 The Ultraviolet Exposure
Index
INDEX VALUES EXPOSURE

0–2 = Minimal
3-4 = Low
5-6 = Moderate
7-9 = High
10 + = Very High
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 Factors affecting UV exposure

• Clouds cover - partly cloudy days do little to

reduce UV exposure but rainy or substantially
overcast days reduce UV exposures

• The time of day – peak exposure time is 12:00

noon - 1:00 p.m. UV intensity is reduced by about
half at three hours before and three hours after the
peak exposure time.

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Factors affecting UV exposure..2

• The time of year - more UV is received in

the late spring and early summer and much
less is received in the late fall and early
winter.
• Life style – determines a person’s risk to UV
exposure. Skiing, sunbathing, or swimming
can lead to extremely high exposures. Use of
tanning parlors also increase risk.

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 Ozone Layer Depletion: Historical
Perspective
• The ozone 'hole', it is really not a hole but rather a thinning of the
ozone layer in the stratosphere. We will use the term 'hole' in
reference to the seasonal thinning of the ozone layer.
• The appearance of a hole in the earth's ozone layer over Antarctica,
first detected in 1976.
• 1974: Rowland & Molina theorize CFCs destroy stratospheric ozone
molecules
• 1975: U of M / Harvard papers predict that CFCs deplete Earth’s
ozone layer
• 1985: Ozone holes found over Antarctic
• 1988: Ozone layer thinning over North Pole
• 1993: Thinning over mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere
• 1997: Low values of total ozone occur in Arctic as well as Antarctic
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 Antarctic Ozone Hole Progression

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CH4 itself is an important greenhouse gas, and links climate with air
pollution via its influence on tropospheric ozone
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CONTINENT 1 OCEAN CONTINENT 2

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 Ozone Layer Depleting Chemicals
• chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3)
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
methyl chloride (CH3Cl)
methyl bromide(CH3Br)

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 International Response to Ozone
Layer Depletion
• 1985: United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
• 1987: The Montreal Protocol
• 1992: Copenhagen Amendments
• 1998: The Montreal Protocol is affecting stratospheric
chemical composition.
• 1999-2000: Stratospheric ozone layer recovery will be a
slow process and extend into the next century.
Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994 and 1998
(World Meteorological Organization).

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 Ozone Layer Depleting Chemicals:
CFCs
• CFCs are inert, nonreactive, nontoxic,
nonflammable.
• Human-made CFCs used in:
- refrigeration
- air conditioning
- foam blowing
- cleaning electronic components
- solvents

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 Biological Effects of Ultraviolet
Radiation
• Sunburn,Premature Aging & PreCancer
• Cancer of Skin
-Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
-Melanoma
• Cataracts
• Photosensitivity
• Immune system changes

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 Human Immune System can be
suppressed by ultraviolet radiation
• suppression of immune system
• increased incidence of infection
• promotion of cancer growth

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Good & Bad Effects of Sunlight

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 Modern Impacts to Ozone (2)

Methyl Bromide

• What is it?
• Challenges to Montreal Protocol

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 Methyl Bromide

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 Uses of Methyl Bromide
60 million lbs /yr in US

• Agricultural (75%)
– Strawberries
• Stored products (11%)
• Flame retardants (6%)
• Pest management (6%)
– Termite removal
• Chemical production (2%)

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 Schedule for Elimination
1991: Designated Class I ozone depleter
in Montreal Protocol
1997: Agreed to following schedule
Developed Countries—elimination by 2005
Developing Countries—elimination by 2015
Requests for “Critical Use Exemptions”
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 US Strawberry Industry
• US supplies 80% of
plants from nurseries
or strawberries to
world market

• Average consumption:
4 lb/person/yr

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 Benefits of Methyl Bromide
• Worker safety
– Non-toxic
– Reduces need for toxic
pesticides
• Economical
• Easy-to-Use
• Effective

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 Alternatives
• Fumigants applied
through drip irrigation
• Harnessing “good
microbes”
• Composting for weed
suppression
• Soil solarization
• Crop rotation

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Effectiveness
• Other fumigants do
not work
• Worker health issue
• Lower yields
• Loss of nurseries
– Even organic farms get
plant stocks from
nurseries that rely on
methyl bromide
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 CFCs vs MEBr
Why did one industry eventually support
ban while another is struggling and begging
for exemptions?

Methyl Bromide CFCs

-no viable alternatives -DuPont developed HFCs

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 Another potential threat?
Hydrogen Fuel Cells

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 Production of Hydrogen
• Anticipate that 10% of all hydrogen
manufactured will leak into the atmosphere
during production, storage and transport.
• Current loss is higher
• Estimate: 60 million tons / year
• Roughly doubles current input (all sources)

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 Hydrogen chemistry
• Hydrogen is light—rises rapidly to
stratosphere
• Reacts with oxygen to form water
• A “wetter” atmosphere would cool the
lower stratosphere, especially around Poles
• Increase in water vapor is catalyst for ozone
depletion by freeing Cl free radicals
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 Spatial and Temporal Patterns
• Poles have greater ozone loss than other
regions:
– Colder
– More vapor formation
– Also: polar vortex
• Particularly severe in polar spring (October)
• Increased hydrogen would enhance this
phenomenon
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 Ozone Layer Impacts
• 7-8% depletion around
Poles anticipated
• Depends upon if and
how quickly hydrogen
economy introduced
• If >50 years, may not
be critical issue
• Possible work to
lessen H leakage

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 Current Status of Ozone Hole

Extent of ozone depletion:

1981— 900,000 sq mi
2001—17,100,000 sq mi

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 Location of Ozone Losses

Ozone loss extends beyond Antarctica and

Arctic Polar regions
Ozone loss over US currently 5% below
normal rates

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Current Rate of Ozone Depletion

• Decrease in rate of ozone depletion (since 1997)

• Slowing of buildup of harmful Cl- from CFCs
• Ozone hole is still growing, but…
Models anticipate restoration of “normal”
balance of ozone in stratosphere by 2050

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 Impacts of Ozone Depletion
Human Health Ecological Health
• Skin cancer • Pathogen locally up &
• Melanoma down
• Cataracts • Biodiversity locally up &
• Immune system function down
• • Aquatic organisms
Increased incidence,
severity and duration of adversely impacted
infectious diseases • Decreased biomass
• Reduced efficacy of productivity
vaccinations • Polar systems especially
vulnerable
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 Impacts of Ozone Depletion
Economic
• Plastics
– designed with stabilizers to withstand UV radiation of
certain intensity
– replacement of key medical equipment and supplies,
decreased lifespan of plastics
• Manufacturing practices
• Agriculture
• Consumer costs and burdens

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 Breakdown of Sources
Ae ro s o ls
5% Othe r P ro duc ts
12%

S o lve nt C le a ning
P ro duc ts
F o a m P ro duc ts 36%
14%

R e frige ra tio n
a nd Air
C o nditio ning
30%

S te riliza tio n
3%
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