Petroleum
Production
Engineering
Ref.1: Brill & Beggs, Two Phase Flow in Pipes, 6th
Edition, 1991. Chapter 2.
Ref.2: Guo, Lyon & Ghalambor, Petroleum Production
Engineering, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2007,
Chapter 1&2.
Introduction
4. Calculate (379.3)(350) o y g
Rs C
Mo 1 yg
C is the tuning parameter (default value of C is 1.0).
Black Oil Model
Gas Oil Ratio
Calculate
1.2048
P(psia ) 10
0.0125 oAPI
Rs gd 0.00091T ( o F )
C
18 10
Standing correlation:
1.175
gd
0.5
Bo 0.972 0.000147 Rs 1.25 T ( F)
o
C
o
Oil: Lo (stbo)
Oil density:
Lo (lbm/scf) = o (62.4)
o
V gd Lo gd 5.614 Lo
o
0.0136 Rs gd 62.4 o
5.614 Fo Lo Bo
Black Oil Model
Specific Gravity of Free Gas
Gas Mass Balance:
Total produced gas at s.c. = Dissolved gas + Free gas
R p gt Rs gd 0.56 gf gt
gf ,
R p Rs 0.56 gd and gt gd
Where Rp is the produced Gas Oil Ratio (Rp Rs).
Black Oil Model
Oil Viscosity
1- Viscosity of saturated oil (Beggs and Robinson):
10.715 5.44
o (cp) A ,B
A , B
OD
Rs 100 0.515
Rs 150 0.338
Black Oil Model
Oil Viscosity
2- Viscosity of undersaturated oil (Vazquez):
m
P 2.6 P1.187
o ob , m
3.910 5 P 5.0
Pb 10
Procedure for calculating Pb:
Assume Pb=P and calculate Rs (from Standing or Lasater)
T ( F) 200
o
API
B- Saturated oil viscosity
o (cp) 10 a OD
b
, a Rs 2.2 10 7 Rs 7.4 10 4
0.68 0.25 0.062
b 8.62105 R 1.10103 R 3.74103 R
10
C- Undersaturated oil
s
10
viscosity s
10 s
o ob 0.001( P Pb ) 0.024 ob
1.6
0.38 ob
0.56
Black Oil Model
Gas-Oil Surface Tension
Baker and Swerdloff correlation:
2- Live oil surface tension (O): The surface tension of crude oil
containing dissolved gas expressed as a percent of OD can be
obtained from Figure 2.38.
Black Oil Model
Free Gas Density
1- Engineering Equation of state:
P M gf
P V z n R T gf
z RT
P gf 29
M gf M air gf gf
10.72 z T
lbm 0.0764 gf
gf 3
ft Bg
Black Oil Model
Free Gas Compressibility Factor
1- Standing and Katz correlation: T T , P P , Figure 2.21
pr pr
Tpc Ppc
2- Brill and Beggs correlation:
z A (1 A) e B C PprD
2
( 0.3106 0.49 T pr 0.1824 T pr )
D 10
Black Oil Model
Free Gas Pseudocritical Properties
1- Brown et al. correlation: Figure 2.20
Valid for H2S < 3%, N2 < 5%, and total content of inorganic
compounds less than 7%.
2- Ahmed correlation:
986
X 3.5 0.01 M gf
T
gr 0.0433 gf P (psia )
Where T R and gf
o
3
o
cm z T ( R)
Black Oil Model
Water (Brine) Density
A- Water formation volume factor (Bw):
Figure 2-13 Figure 2-14
Bw B y Bw
'
w
Figure 2-11
B- Water density (w):
w : Figure 2.32
The components that are heavier than n-Hexane are usually shown
as a pesudocomponent (C7+).
For calculating the properties of gas and gas condensate wells, the
compositional model is recommended.
Condensate flowrate: L
Composition: xi
At equilibrium : f i v f i l
By definition : f i v yi Piv , f i l xi Pil
yi il
Therefore : Ki v SRK or PR
xi i
Compositional Model
Gas and Liquid Density
Once the compressibilities of each phase is determined, the gas
and liquid densities can be determined from:
n
P MV
V , M V yi M i
ZV R T i 1
n
P ML
L , M L xi M i
ZLRT i 1