Heating Losses-

Infiltration and Ventilation

ARCH-432
Attendance

Which civilization
made it a point to
layout whole cities to
take advantage of
passive heating? In
what direction did the
city streets run?
A. Greece
B. Rome
C. Egypt
D. Persia
E. Babylonia
 Attendance
The ancient Greeks
did this. What was
shown is Priene
(Prin); (5th Century
B.C.), which had all of
the streets laid out in
an East-West fashion,
thus allowing all
homes to point South.
Attendance

Only primitives and barbarians lacked

knowledge of houses turned to face
the
winter sun, dwelling beneath the
ground like swarming ants in
sunless caves.
Aeschylus
Greetings
Capt.
Kirk

Aeschylus
Attendance
Aeschylus pronounced Ess ca less

One of the earliest writer of Greek

tragedy before him plays had single
actors who could only respond to a
chorus (group of people). Aeschylus
increase the tragedy to two actors
with dialog.
 Big Picture Moment

roof

Infiltration Ceiling
and
Ventilation Partitio
n

Glass
conductio
n

Exterior
wall
Floor
 roof

Infiltratio
n and
Ventilatio
n
Glass
conducti
on
Exterio
r Ceiling Floor
wall
Five main types of heat loss
1. Transmission (conduction)
2. Infiltration (convection)
3. Ventilation (convection)
4. Radiation (radiation)
5. Moisture migration
Summary of Heat Losses
Wall
Roof Envelope
Floor Losses

Windows
Doors
Infiltration
Ventilation
What You Need To Know
The difference between ventilation
and infiltration
Calculation methods for both
ventilation and infiltration
What You Need To Be Able To Do

Calculate infiltration/ventilation
loads
Be able to reduce/mitigate
infiltration and ventilation loads
Employ techniques for increasing
ventilation effectiveness
Terms
Infiltration
Exfiltration
Ventilation
Direct Outside Air System (DOAS)
Infiltration

The uncontrolled
introduction of
outside air into a
building.
 Infiltration

The uncontrolled introduction of fresh air into a

building.
1. Most subjective of all losses
2. Oftentimes the largest of all heat losses.
Sometimes comprises up to 30% of the
total
heating load.
3. Ends up being an educated guess
Why Is This Important?
All buildings leak
A tight building will
leak .5 AC/H
A leaky building can
leak 3 AC/H
Regardless of
climate, air leaking
into walls causes
problems
Ventilation
The mechanical introduction of
outside air (OA) to:
Replace Oxygen
Dilute contaminants
Pressurize the building
Moisture Load
Infiltration Calculation
Methods
Crack method
Air Change Method
Averaging method (I dont know
so Im going to throw a dart
method)
Crack Method
Presumes that an accurate estimate
can be obtained by estimating the
rate of infiltration per foot of crack
for doors and windows

CFM = Ft. of Crack x Infiltration Rate

QS = 1.1 x CFM x (T2 T1) in BTU/HR

Add Infiltration Through
Open Door
Determine Door Usage
= Number of People per Minute
Determine CFM per person (D)

LEED-NC Credit EQ 5
CFM = x D for providing
vestibules.
Infiltration by Crack
Method
Add CFM from Crack losses to CFM
for Open Door losses
Mitigate These Losses
How do you
reduce or
mitigate these
losses?
(Review)
Mitigation Strategies
Pressurization

QS = 1.1 x CFM x (T2 T1)

Vs. You own the

variables!

QS = 1.1 x (CFH/ft of crack x ft of

crack)/60 x T
Infiltration Variables
Review
Wind velocity and direction
Stack effects
Corner rooms
Exhaust fans on or off
Pressure zoning
Frequency of use
Maintenance
Stack Effect
Review
Air Change Method
Often used in residential construction
and in large warehouses and similar
buildings

CFM = A.C.H. x Volume (ft3)/60

or
CFM = Volume (ft3)/Frequency
(minutes)
Air Change Method
Uses same formula for sensible
Qsens = 1.1 x CFM x T
Equals one room change
Designer will use 0.3 to 2.0 air changes per
hour (ACH)
Occupancy
Climatic condition (i.e. winter vs. summer)
Construction (tight or loose)
Least accurate of the three methods
Table 2-8
 Heat Loss Due to
Infiltration
Infiltration
Btu H = (.018) x (ACH) x V x (Ti
To)
ACH = air exchanges per hour
V = volume
Ti = inside temperature
To = outside temperature
Heat Loss Due to
Infiltration

OR
Heat Loss Due to
Infiltration
Infiltration

Btu H = 1.1 x CFM x (Ti To)

CFM = (ACH x volume) / 60 min per
hour
Heat Loss Due to
Infiltration
Infiltration
Please Note:
For tight construction use 0.5 for ACH.
For medium construction use .85 for ACH.
For loose construction use 1.3 for ACH.
For really bad construction use 2.0 for ACH

For the summer months (cooling) use 70%

of the winter values.
 Infiltration & Ventilation

Btu Hour Loss due to

Infiltration Main Area
Temp.
CFM Ht. W. L. 1.10 air exch. vol. In cf / 60 Ch.
12 46.66 74.66 1.10 0.5 41,803.63 348.36 76 29,123.19

Btu Hour Loss due to

Ventilation Main Area
cfm Temp.
Ht. W. L. 1.10 sf exchange Occup. Ch.
12 46.66 74.66 1.10 3,483.64 0.180 34.84 76 66,983.35
Occup/
Ra Rp 1000
0.18 5 10.00
Heat Gains Due to
Infiltration
Latent Load
BtuH = 4500 x (air exchanges x
(volume) /60) x
(W Final W Initial)

(W Final W Initial) = Difference Ratio

Pounds of Moisture per dry air
 Heat Loss Due to
Ventilation
Ventilation
Btu H = 1.1 x [(Ra x square feet of
building ) +
(number of people in the building x
Rp )]
x
(Ti To)
Heat Loss Due to
Ventilation
Heat Loss Due to
Ventilation
Ventilation
Ra = Area Outdoor Air Rate
Rp = People Outdoor Air Rate

Example: Pharmacy
Ra = .18
Rp = 5
Heat Loss Due to
Ventilation
Ventilation
Btu H = 1.1 x [ (.18 x 3,632) + (30 x 5)] x
76o

= 67,214
Ventilation
and / or
Infiltration