ENTRENAMIENTO EN TECNOLOGA DE VOLADURAS

Captulo 6: Teora de Voladura

 Generalidades

1.- Proceso de Detonacin de un Explosivo

2.- Proceso de Fracturamiento del Masizo Rocoso por
Voladura
 Proceso de Detonacin del Explosivo

Shock Wave

Shock Undisturbed
Front Explosive

C-J Plane
Stable
Reaction
Expanding Gases
Products,
Mainly Gas
Direction of Detonation

Primary Reaction
Zone
Onda de Choque
 Burning & Deflagration

Burning
The propagation of combustion by a surface process. Where,

Combustion
An exothermic reaction producing flame, sparks or smoke. The
oxidiser may be part of the material (explosive) or obtained from
the atmosphere (fire).

Deflagration
A rapid burning in which convection often plays an important
role.
Used in mining to describe the burning of an explosive which
has failed to detonate.
 Disctintion between Burning & Detonation

All explosives burn initially when initiated Most explosives are capable of
by heat. detonation with sufficient stimulus.

Burning is slow compared with detonation Detonation is much faster than burning
(0.001 500 m/s) (1800 9000 m/s)
Burning is a surface reaction. Due to low Detonation is a shockwave mechanism.
linear rate and because of conductive The shockwave propagates radially from
and reactive factors, often tendency for the point of initiation within the
the flame to spread along unburnt explosive. The surface is normally
surfaces faster than it passes into the reached from within by the wave, and is
bulk of the explosive. merely the boundary at which the wave
ceases to be self-supporting.
 Disctintion between Burning & Detonation
The rate of burning (r) increases with
ambient pressure (P).
r = P
The rate of burning in a container
depends on the cumulative pressure
within the container which in turn
depends on degree & rate of venting.
Burning rate not affected by strength of
container.
Damage to inert surfaces limited to
distortion or bursting (exploding).
The VOD has a limiting value for a given
explosive, virtually independent of
ambient pressure.
When detonation occurs in a container
(confined), the VOD (for small charges)
is affected by the strength of the
container.
(see example of confinement effects)
Detonation damages inert surfaces by
distortion, perforation, shattering,
denting, deep erosion sudden,
extreme pressure.
 Disctintion between Burning & Detonation

The burning rate is not dependent on the VOD depends on sample diameter
size of the sample. (small charges) & fails below some
critical diameter.

Burning is (normally) initiated by direct Detonation is initiated by shock or

heat or flame. Burning may convert to
detonation if conditions are
favourable.
Wet granular explosives cant be ignited
(with few exceptions).
Burning does not intrinsically produce
noise or shock phenomena, but may
occur when cumulated overpressure is
vented.
transition from burning. It does not
usually revert to burning.
Wet granular explosives can be
detonated with adequate shock.
Detonation creates noise and shock
phenomena due to the shockwave
emerging from the explosive into
surrounding media.
Velocidad de liberacin de la energa

Energy Rate

~30 MJ/kg minutes (hours)

(103 secs)
coal

4-6 MJ/kg microseconds

(10-6 secs)
 Proceso de Fracturamiento del Macizo
Rocoso por Voladura

1.- Compresin de la Roca

2.- Componente de Tensin y Relajamiento: Fracturamiento Fresco
3.- Reflexin de Ondas P (Mayor Fracturamiento)
4.- Activacin y Extensin de Fracturas Pre-existentes
5.- Expansin de los Gases
Proceso de Fracturamiento del Macizo
Rocoso por Voladura
Proceso de Fracturamiento del Macizo
Rocoso por Voladura
Medicin de Velocidad de Transmisin de
Ondas P
Influencia del estado estructural de la roca en la velocidad
de transmisin de la onda de choque
Influencia del estado estructural de la roca en la velocidad
de transmisin de la onda de choque

Vp = 5000 m/s Vp = 2000 m/s

PPV PPV
3 ms
10 ms

Tiempo (ms) Tiempo (ms)

Influencia del estado estructural de la roca en la velocidad
de transmisin de la onda de choque
 Concepto de Volabilidad

Fragmentacin de Roca donde

Dnde se aplica Tronadura?
no se puede aplicar Ripping

Los materiales puede ser completamente compactos, masivos, alterados y fracturados

(fracturas abiertas y cerradas).

Todo esto involucra el concepto de Volabilidad

El concepto de Volabilidad est asociado a un ndice generado por una mezcla de

parmetros que indican que se debe utilizar la tronadura para poder fragmentar o
destruir ese material. A partir de estos parmetros se deber definir:
- Explosivo, como variable principal para realizar diseo.
- Diseo de malla de tronadura, existiendo muchos mtodos para su realizacin.
- Tiempo o secuencia de detonacin, desde instantnea hasta tiro a tiro

Los ms importantes son la VoD y la generacin de gases, responsables directos del

fracturamiento y la generacin de dao.
Seguridad