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Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy


(heat and ATP)
Energy
1. Capacity to move or change matter
2. Forms of energy are important to life include
Chemical, radiant (heat & light), mechanical, and
electrical
3. Energy can be transformed from one form to another
4. Chemical energy is the energy contained in the
chemical bonds of molecules
5. Radiant energy travels in waves and is sometimes
called electromagnetic energy. An example is visible
light
6. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical
energy
7. Energy that is stored is called potential energy
Energi
Kapasitas untuk memindahkan atau mengubah materi
Bentuk energi yang penting bagi kehidupan termasuk
kimia, radiasi (panas & cahaya), mekanik, dan listrik
Energi dapat diubah dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lainnya
Energi kimia adalah energi yang terkandung dalam
ikatan kimia dari molekul
Energi radiasi gelombang-gelombang dan kadang-
kadang disebut energi elektromagnetik. Contohnya
adalah cahaya tampak
Fotosintesis mengubah energi cahaya menjadi energi
kimia
Energi yang disimpan disebut energi potensial
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy carrying molecule used by cells to fuel their
cellular processes

ATP is composed of an adenine base, ribose sugar, & 3


phosphate (PO4) groups

The PO4 bonds are high-energy bonds that require energy


to be made & release energy when broken

ATP is made & used continuously by cells

Every minute all of an organism's ATP is recycled


Adenosin trifosfat (ATP)
ATP terdiri dari basis adenin, gula ribosa, & 3 fosfat
(PO4) kelompok

Obligasi PO4 adalah obligasi berenergi tinggi yang


membutuhkan energi yang akan dibuat & melepaskan
energi bila rusak

ATP dibuat & digunakan terus menerus oleh sel-sel

Setiap menit semua ATP organisme didaur ulang


Phosphorylation refers to the chemical reactions that
make ATP by adding Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi + energy ATP + H2O

Enzymes (ATP synthetase& ATPase) help break & reform


these high energy PO4 bonds in a process called
substrate-level phosphorylation

When the high-energy phosphate bond is broken, it


releases energy, a free phosphate group, & adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)
Setiap menit semua ATP organisme didaur ulang
Adenosin trifosfat (ATP)
Fosforilasi mengacu pada reaksi kimia yang membuat
ATP dengan menambahkan Pi ke ADP

ADP + Pi + energi ATP + H2O

Enzim (ATP sintetase & ATPase) Bantuan istirahat &


reformasi ini obligasi PO4 energi tinggi dalam proses
yang disebut fosforilasi tingkat-substrat

Ketika ikatan fosfat berenergi tinggi rusak, ia


melepaskan energi, gugus fosfat gratis, & adenosin
difosfat (ADP)
Enzim dalam Persiapan Metabolik

Biological catalysts

Speeds up chemical
reactions

Lowers the amount of


activation energy
needed by weakening
existing bonds in
substrates
katalis biologis

Mempercepat reaksi kimia

Menurunkan jumlah energi aktivasi yang


dibutuhkan oleh melemahnya obligasi
yang ada di substrat
1. Highly specific protein
molecules
2. Have an area called the
active site where
substrates temporarily
join

Form an enzyme-substrate complex to stress bonds


Enzyme usable

enzyme substrate complex


Molekul protein yang sangat spesifik
Apakah sebuah daerah yang disebut situs aktif
di mana substrat sementara bergabung

Membentuk kompleks enzim-substrat untuk


menekankan obligasi
enzim digunakan
Energy Carriers During Respiration
NADH: A second
energy carrying
molecule in the
mitochondria;
produces 3 ATP

FADH2: A third
energy carrying
molecule in the
mitochondria;
produces 2 ATP
Carriers Energi Selama Respirasi
NADH: Sebuah energi kedua membawa
molekul dalam mitokondria; menghasilkan
3 ATP

FADH2: Sebuah energi ketiga membawa


molekul dalam mitokondria; menghasilkan
2 ATP
Mitochondria
Has outer smooth, outer membrane & folded inner membrane

Folds are called cristae

Space inside cristae is called the matrix & contains DNA &
ribosomes

Site of aerobic respiration

Krebs cycle takes place in matrix

Electron Transport Chain takes place in cristae


mitokondria
Memiliki luar halus, membran luar & membran dalam dilipat

Lipatan disebut krista

Ruang di dalam krista disebut matriks & mengandung DNA &


ribosom

Situs respirasi aerobik

Siklus Krebs berlangsung dalam matriks

Transportasi Elektron Rantai terjadi di krista


Cellular Respiration Overview
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
(heat and ATP)
1. Controlled release of energy from organic molecules (most
often glucose)

2. Glucose is oxidized (loses e-) & oxygen is reduced (gains e-)


3. The carbon atoms of glucose (C6H12O6) are released as CO2

4. Generates ATP
5. The energy in one glucose molecule may be used to produce
36 ATP

6. Involves a series of 3 reactions --- Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle,


& Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm
Summary of the steps of Glycolysis:
a. 2 ATP added to glucose (6C) to energize it.

b. Glucose split to 2 PGAL (3C). (PGAL = phosphoglyceraldehyde)

c. H+ and e- (e- = electron) taken from each PGAL & given to


make 2 NADH.

d. NADH is energy and e- carrier.

e. Each PGAL rearranged into pyruvate (3C), with energy


transferred to make 4 ATP (substrate phosphorylation).

f. Although glycolysis makes 4 ATP, the net ATP production by


this step is 2 ATP (because 2 ATP were used to start
glycolysis). The 2 net ATP are available for cell use.

g. If oxygen is available to the cell, the pyruvate will move into


the mitochondria & aerobic respiration will begin.
Net Yield from Glycolysis

4 NADH2

2 CO2

4 ATP ( 2 used to start reaction)

h. If no oxygen is available to the cell (anaerobic), the


pyruvate will be fermented by addition of 2 H from the NADH
(to alcohol + CO2 in yeast or lactic acid in muscle cells). This
changes NADH back to NAD+ so it is available for step c
above. This keeps glycolysis going!
Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation


Aerobic Respiration:
Occurs in the mitochondria
1. Includes the Krebs Cycle &
the Electron Transport
Chain

2. Pyruvic acid from


glycolysis diffuses into
matrix of mitochondria &
reacts with coenzyme A to
for acetyl-CoA (2-carbon
compound)

3. CO2 and NADH are also


produced
Kreb's Cycle:
Named for biochemist Hans Krebs

1. Metabolic pathway that indirectly requires O2

2. Kreb's Cycle is also known as the Citric acid Cycle

3. Requires 2 cycles to metabolize glucose

4. Acetyl Co-A (2C) enters the Kreb's Cycle & joins with Oxaloacetic
Acid (4C) to make Citric Acid (6C)

5. Citric acid is oxidized releasing CO2 , free H+, & e- and forming
ketoglutaric acid (5C)

6. Free e- reduce the energy carriers NAD+ to NADH2 and FAD+ to


FADH2
1. Ketoglutaric acid is also oxidized releasing more CO2 ,
free H+, & e-

2. The cycle continues oxidizing the carbon compounds


formed (succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, etc.)
producing more CO2, NADH2, FADH2, & ATP

3. H2O is added to supply more H+

4. CO2 is a waste product that diffuses out of cells

5. Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated to start the cycle again

6. NADH2 and FADH2 produced migrate to the Electron


Transport Chain (ETC)
Net Yield from Kreb's Cycle
(2 turns)

6 NADH2

2 FADH2

4 CO2

2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain:
Found in the inner mitochondrial membrane or cristae

Contains 4 protein-based complexes that work in sequence moving


H+ from the matrix across the inner membrane (proton pumps)

A concentration gradient of H + between the inner & outer


mitochondrial membrane occurs

H+ concentration gradient causes the synthesis of ATP by


chemiosmosis

Energized e- & H+ from the 10 NADH2 and 2 FADH2 (produced


during glycolysis & Krebs cycle) are transferred to O2 to produce
H2O (redox reaction)
O2 + 4e- + 4H+ 2H2O
Energy Yield from Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis Kreb's Cycle Total

10 NADH2 x 3 = 30
4 NADH2 6 NADH2
ATP
0 FADH2 2 FADH2 2 FADH2 x 2 = 4 ATP

2 ATP 2 ATP 4 ATP

38 ATP

Most cells produce 36- 38 molecules of ATP per glucose


(66% efficient)

Actual number of ATP's produced by aerobic respiration


varies among cells

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