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PENDAHULUAN
Apa itu Klasifikasi Massa Batuan??
Merupakan suatu proses klasifikasi pada massa batuan yang
membagi suatu massa batuan kedalam suatu kelompok yang
memiliki sifat atau perilaku yang sama, yaitu kedalam kelas
massa batuan dengan berbagai kualitas
Wickham, et al.
4 RSR Concept USA Tunneling
1972
Rock load, Hp
Rock conditions
(ft)
1. Hard and intact Zero
2. Hard stratified or
0 0.5B
schistose
3. Massive, moderately
0 0.25B
jointed
4. Moderately blocky and 0.25B 0.35
seamy (B+Ht)
(0.35 1.10)
5. Very blocky and seamy
(B+Ht)
6. Completely crushed 1.10 (B+Ht)
7. Squeezing rock, moderate (1.10 2.10)
depth (B+Ht)
8. Squeezing rock, great (2.10 4.50)
depth (B+H )
Generalised Terzaghis Classification
Rock load, Hp
Rock conditions
(ft)
1. Hard and intact Zero
2. Hard stratified or schistose 0 0.5B
3. Massive, moderately jointed 0 0.25B
4. Moderately blocky and seamy 0.25B 0.20
(B+Ht)
5. Very blocky and seamy (0.20 0.60)
(B+Ht)
6. Completely crushed but (0.60 1.10)
chemically intact (B+Ht)
6a. Sand and gravel (1.10 1.40)
(B+Ht)
7. Squeezing rock, moderate depth (1.10 2.10)
(B+Ht)
2. Classifications Involving Stand-Up Time
Lauffer (1958)
Lauffer (1958) mengusulkan bahwa stand-up time
untuk span tidak disangga berhubungan dengan
kualitas massa batuan,
Active unsupported span adalah lebar terowongan
atau jarak dari face ke penyangga, jika ini lebih
besar dari lebar terowongan.
Stand- up time adalah jangka waktu dimana
terowongan dapat stabil tanpa penyangga sesudah
penggalian
Classifications Involving stand-up time
Classifications involving stand-up time
Klasifikasi Lauffer telah dimodifikasi oleh banyak
pihak, yang terpenting adalah modifikasi yang
dilakukan oleh Pacher et al. (1974).
RSR = A + B + C
Dimana :
- Parameter A : Penilaian umum dari struktur batuan
- Parameter B : Efek pola diskontinuitas terhadap arah
penggalian terowongan
- Parameter C : Efek aliran air tanah
PARAMETER A
GEOLOGI DAERAH UMUM
Sum of Parameters A + B
13 - 44 45 - 75
Anticipated water
inflow Joint Conditionb)
gpm/1000 ft of
tunnel Goo Fai Poo Goo Fai Poo
d r r d r r
None 23 24 28 19 22 23
Slight, < 200 gpm 30 32 36 25 28 30
Moderate, 200-1000
36 38 40 33 35 36
gpm
Heavy, > 1000 gpm 40 43 45 37 40 40
b)
Good = tight or cemented
Fair = slightly weathered or altered
Poor = severely weathered, altered or open
RSR SUPPORT ESTIMATES:
24 FT. (7.3 M) DIAMETER CIRCULAR TUNNEL
GEOMECHANICS CLASSIFICATION(RMR SYSTEM)
BIENIAWSKI
Ratings
81 100 61 80 41 60 21 40 < 21
RQD Jr Jw
Q x x
Jn Ja SRF
Descriptio
Value Notes
n
Very
A 0 25
poor 1. Where RQD is reported or measured as 10
B Poor 25 50 (including 0), a nominal value of 10 is used to
evaluate Q.
C Fair 50 75
D Good 75 90 2. RQD intervals of 5, i.e. 100, 95, 90 etc. are
Excellen 90 sufficiently accurate.
E
t 100
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Jn
r
Valu (deg)
Description Notes
e (appro
x.)
a. Rock wall contact
Tightly healed, hard, non-softening,
A 0.75
impermeable filling
Unaltered joint walls, surface staining
B 1.0 25 35
only
Slightly altered joint walls, non-
softening Values of r, the residual
C mineral coatings, sandy particles, clay- 2.0 25 30 friction
free angle, are intended as an
disintegrated rock, etc. approximate guide to the
Silty-, or sandy-clay coatings, small mineralogical properties
D clay- 3.0 20 25 of the
fraction (non-softening) alteration products, if
present.
Softening or low-friction clay mineral
coatings,
i.e. kaolinite, mica. Also chlorite, talc,
gypsum
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Ja
r
Description Value (deg) Notes
(appro
x.)
b. Rock wall contact before 10 cm shear
Sandy particles, clay-free,
F 4.0 25 30
disintegrating rock etc.
Strongly over-consolidated, non-
softening Values of r, the residual
G 6.0 16 24
clay mineral fillings (continuous < 5 friction
mm thick) angle, are intended as an
Medium or low over-consolidation, approximate guide to the
softening mineralogical properties
H 8.0 12 16 of the
clay mineral fillings (continuous < 5
mm thick) alteration products, if
present.
Swelling clay fillings, i.e.
montmorillonite,
8.0
J (continuous < 5 mm thick). Values of Ja 6 12
12.0
depend on percent of swelling clay-size
particles, and access to water.
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Ja
r
Description Value (deg) Notes
(appro
x.)
c. No rock wall contact when sheared
Zones or bands of disintegrated or
K 6.0
crushed.
L rock and clay (see G, H and J for 8.0 Values of r, the residual
clay 8.0 friction
M conditions). angle, are intended as an
12.0
approximate guide to the
Zones or bands of silty- or sandy- 6 24 mineralogical properties
N clay, small 5.0 of the
clay fraction, non-softening. alteration products, if
Thick continuous zones or bands of 10.0 present.
O
clay. 13.0
& R. (see G.H and J for clay 6.0
P
conditions). 24.0
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Jw
Appro
x.
Water
Description Value Notes
Press.
(kgf/c
m2)
Dry excavation or minor inflow
A 1.0 < 1.0
i.e. < 5 l/m locally
Medium inflow or pressure,
1.0
B occasional 0.66
2.5
outwash of joint fillings
1. Factors C to F are crude
Large inflow or high pressure in estimates; increase Jw if
2.5
C competent 0.5 drainage is installed.
10.0
Rock with unfilled joints
2.5 2. Special problems
D Large inflow or high pressure 0.33 caused by ice formation
10.0
are not considered.
Exceptionally high inflow or
0.2
E pressure > 10
0.1
at blasting, decaying with time
Exceptionally high inflow or 0.1
F > 10
pressure 0.05
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Jw
SR
Description Notes
F
a. Weakness zones intersecting excavation, which
may
cause loosening of rock mass when tunnel is
excavated
Multiple occurrences of weakness zones
containing clay or 10.
A
chemically disintegrated rock, very loose 0
surrounding rock (any depth)
Single weakness zones containing clay, or
B chemically 5.0
disintegrated rock (excavation depth < 50 m)
Reduce these values of SRF
Single weakness zones containing clay, or by 25 - 50% but only if the
C chemically 2.5 relevant shear zones
disintegrated rock (excavation depth > 50 m) influence do not intersect
Multiple shear zones in competent rock (clay the excavation
D free), loose 7.5
surrounding rock (any depth)
Single shear zone in competent rock (clay free)
E (depth of 5.0
excavation < 50 m)
Rock Tunnelling Quality Index : Jw
Excavation
span,diameter
orheight(m)
De
Excavation
SupportRatio,ESR