Ministry of Higher Education

Tanta Higher Institute of

Engineering and Technology
THIET

Chemical Engineering Department

Water and Waste water treatment

sheet no.5

Supervised by: Dr. Ahmed Maher

By: Eng. Ghada Khaled
1) The proper order of the water
treatment methods should be as
Coagulation then flocculation then
settling.please explain?
Before settling there is two chemical reactions
coagulation and flocculation
In coagulation we add a coagulant to convert
the stable particles to destable particles
In flocculation we add flocculent to
agglomerate particles together then we settle
them

stable particle+ coagulant destable

particle
destable particle+ flocculent flocs
2) Mention the factor effect on
removal particle efficiency in
flocculation process
Removal efficiency of particles is now
dependents on both:
-Particle size
-Flocculating properties
In terms of operational parameters, the
removal efficiency is dependent upon
-Overflow or surface loading rate
-Depth
3) Explain the column test
methods for determine the
removal clarification process.
Column Test Flocculent
Particle Settling
1. Column at least 300 mm dia. to
reduce wall effects.
2. Column is the full depth of the
settling basin.
3. Sampling ports distributed over
the full depth.
4. Fill from the bottom with a
uniformly mixed suspension.
5. Draw samples from ports at
specified time intervals.
4) For the following equation
explain the cases when:
Xij = 100 (1-cij/co)
i. Xij = zero
At Cij =Co
when the concentration of the particle in feed water
equals the concentration of the particle at certain
time ti.
ii. Xij = max.
At Cij <<<<< Co
when the concentration of the particle at certain
time ti is very small compared by the
concentration of the particle in feed water .
iii. Xij = 50 %
At Cij=0.5 Co
when the concentration of the particle at
certain time ti is the half of the
concentration of the particle in feed water .
5) What are the properties
of granules filtration
medium?
Granular media is commonly sand
Other granular materials used are
anthracite, crushed quartz, garnet
Granules filteration medium must be :
Very crystalline
Can sustain water hammering
 Slow sand filters
First filters used for
treatment of public water
supplies.
Low loading rate
(2 to 5 L/min /m2).
Most of the solids are
removed by straining at the
media surface and in
clogged interstitial spaces in
the upper layers of the sand
bed.
Filter capacity is restored
by removing media and
replacing it.
Rapid Sand
Filters
Much higher loading rate 100
L/min /m2.
Two criteria for termination of a
filter run
excessive headloss
solids penetration through the
filter
At the end of the filter run the
filter is taken off-line and the bed
material is
backwashed
clean water is pumped back
through the bed to dislodge
trapped solids
additional cleansing of the filter
media by abrasion of particles on
each other
wash water is collected in
troughs for removal and