Pendahuluan
Abie Badhurahman
Laboratorium Lingkungan Tambang
CoRE Mining Environment and Mine Closure
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Apakah itu pemodelan geokimia
Pemodelan Geokimia adalah pemodelan yang
menggunakan termodinamika kimia, kinetika reaksi
atau keduanya untuk menganalisis reaksi kimia antara
komponen geologi yang dapat menjelaskan
fenomena alam.
Pemodelan Geokimia dibagi secara umum menjadi 2:
Pemodelan Geokimia Temperatur Tinggi dan Pemodelan
Geokimia Temperatur Rendah
Untuk keperluan lingkungan tambang, Pemodelan
Geokimia Temperatur Rendah pada sistem berair
(Low-Temperature Geochemical Modelling in
Aqueous System) lebih banyak digunakan.
Contoh Reaksi Geokimia
1. Spesiasi (speciation)
2. Inverse Modelling
3. Forward Modelling
4. Reactive transport modeling
Spesiasi
Acid-base reactions
Aqueous complexation
Mineral dissolution and precipitation
Reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions, including
those catalyzed by enzymes, surfaces, and
microorganisms
Sorption, ion exchange, and surface complexation
Gas dissolution and exsolution
Stable isotope fractionation
Radioactive decay
Ketidakpastian (uncertainities)
dalam pemodelan
Various sources can contribute to a range of simulation results. The range of the
simulation results is defined as model uncertainty. One of the most important
sources not possible to quantify is the conceptual model, which is developed and
defined by the modeller. Further sources are the parameterization of the model
regarding the hydraulic (only when simulating transport) and mineralogical
properties.[10] The parameters used for the geochemical simulations can also
contribute to model uncertainty. These are the applied thermodynamic database
and the parameters for the kinetic minerals dissolution.[11] Differences in the
thermodynamic data (i.e. equilibrium constants, parameters for temperature
correction, activity equations and coefficients) can result in large uncertainties.
Furthermore, the large spans of experimentally derived rate constants for
minerals dissolution rate laws can cause large variations in simulation results.
Despite this is well-known, uncertainties are not frequently considered when
conducting geochemical modelling.[12]
Reducing uncertainties can be achieved by comparison of simulation results with
experimental data, although experimental data does not exist at every
temperature-pressure condition and for every chemical system. [12] Although such
a comparison or calibration can not be conducted consequently the geochemical
codes and thermodynamic databases are state-of-the-art and the most useful
tools for predicting geochemical processes.
Perangkat Lunak Pemodelan
Geokimia
PHREEQC (U.S. Geological Survey)
MINTEQ (US EPA)
Geochemists Workbench (University of Illinois)
Lalu, mengapa harus mempelajari
reaksi geokimia?
Seperti yang telah disebutkan: Pemodelan Geokimia
dapat digunakan untuk menjelaskan kondisi dan reaksi
yang terjadi antara komponen geologi.
Oleh karena itu, kemampuan dalam membuat suatu
Model Geokimia dapat membantu menjelaskan:
Reaksi yang terjadi di dalam sampel pada uji kinetic metode
FDCLT di Laboratorium
Reaksi yang terjadi pada model laboratorium Open Limestone
Channel / Anoxic Limestone Drainage
Reaksi yang terjadi antara timbunan dengan air hujan
Spesiasi pada sampel air (lab, lapangan). Apakah hasil
pengujian kualitas air lab akurat atau tidak sesuai data
database termodinamika reaksi.
Garbage In Garbage Out (GAGO)