Chapter 17-

Magnetism
 Characteristics: Like poles
repel; opposite poles attract.

Strength of interaction depends on the distance of separation of the

two magnets.

Magnetic poles produce magnetic forces.

There are always have two poles no matter how small the magnet is.
The direction of the magnetic field outside a
magnet is from the North to the South Pole.

Magnetic field: the space around a magnet, in which a magnetic

force is exerted.

The shape of the field is revealed by magnetic field lines.

Magnetic field lines spread out from one pole, curve around the
magnet, and return to the other pole.

Were the lines are closer together, the field strength is greater.

The magnetic field strength is greater at the poles.

Example: Iron filings

A magnetic field is produced by
the motion of electric charge.
Charge in motion electric field & magnetic field

When the magnet is stationary, the electrons of its atoms

are in constant motion about atomic nuclei.

This moving charge constitutes a tiny current and produces

a magnetic field.
 Electrons are as spinning
about their own axes like
tops.
A spinning electron
creates another magnetic
field.
Usually, the field due to
spinning predominates
over the field due to
orbital motion.
 Spin Magnetism

Every spinning
electron is a tiny
magnet.
A pair of electrons
spinning in the same
direction makes up a
stronger magnet.
Electrons spinning in
opposite directions
work against one
another. Their
magnetic fields cancel.
Most substances are not magnets
because the various fields cancel
one another due to electrons
spinning in opposite directions.

In materials such as iron, nickel,

and cobalt, however, the fields
do not cancel one another
entirely.

An iron atom has four electrons

whose spin magnetism is not
canceled.

Each iron atom, then, is a tiny

magnet. The same is true to a
lesser degree for the atoms of
nickel and cobalt.
Permanent magnets are made by simply placing
pieces of iron or certain iron alloys in strong
magnetic fields.
The magnetic fields of individual iron atoms are strong.
Interactions among adjacent iron atoms cause large clusters of
them to line up with one another.
These clusters of aligned atoms are called magnetic domains.
Each domain is perfectly magnetized, and is made up of
billions of aligned atoms.
The domains are microscopic, and there are many of them in a
crystal of iron.
Permanent magnets are made
by simply placing pieces of
iron or certain iron alloys in
strong magnetic fields.

Another way of making a

permanent magnet is to
stroke a piece of iron with a
magnet.
The stroking motion aligns the
domains in the iron.
If a permanent magnet is
dropped or heated, some of
the domains are jostled out of
alignment and the magnet
becomes weaker.
 The arrows represent
domains, where the
head is a north pole and
the tail a south pole.
Poles of neighboring
domains neutralize one
anothers effects,
except at the ends.
 An electric current produces a magnetic field.

An electric current passing through a

conductor produces a magnetic field because
it has many charges in motion.

EXAMPLE 1:

The magnetic field surrounding a current-carrying

conductor can be shown by arranging magnetic
compasses around the wire.

The compasses line up with the magnetic field

produced by the current, a pattern of concentric
circles about the wire.
 When the current reverses direction, the
compasses turn around, showing that the direction
of the magnetic field changes also.

a.When there is no current in the wire, the compasses

align with Earths magnetic field.

b.b. When there is a current in the wire, the

compasses align with the stronger magnetic field
near the wire.
EXAMPLE 2:

If the wire is bent into a loop, the magnetic field

lines become bunched up inside the loop.

If the wire is bent into another loop, the

concentration of magnetic field lines inside the
double loop is twice that of the single loop.

The magnetic field intensity increases as the

number of loops is increased.
 Electromagnet
Anelectromagnetis a type of magnet in which
the magnetic field is produced by an electric
current. The magnetic field disappears when the
current is turned off.

Electromagnetsusually consist of a large

number of closely spaced turns of wire that create
the magnetic field.
 If the charged particle moves in a magnetic field,
the charged particle experiences a deflecting force.

This force is greatest when the particle moves in a

direction perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.

At other angles, the force is less.

The force becomes zero when the particle moves

parallel to the field lines.

The direction of the force is always perpendicular to

both the magnetic field lines and the velocity of the
charged particle.
The magnitude of the force is proportional to the
charge and to the speed: B = /

SI unit of magnetic field: the tesla, T.

In general, if the particle is moving at an angle to

the field, F = qvB sin

The force is perpendicular to both the velocity and

to the field.
What are motors?
How does it work?
 Big idea
Magnetism can produce electric current

Electric current can produce magnetism

Induced voltage by changing the magnetic field

around a conductor is electromagnetic induction.
Magnets producing electric
current
Electric currents can be produced when a magnet
moves into or out of a wire coil.

The voltage in this case was induced by the motion

of the magnet.
Whether the magnet is moved past the conductor
or the conductor is moved past the magnet, a
voltage is produced.
 Amount of voltage
The amount of voltage depends on the following:
a. Speed of magnets motion
b. Number of loops
The faster a magnet is moved past a conductor,
the more voltage induced and the more current
produced.

The more the number of loops that pass the

magnet, the more voltage induced and the more
current produced.
Work is done to get energy while increasing
voltage.

Work is done because of the following:

When the magnet is pushed towards the conductor,
the induced electric current produces a magnetic
field that repels the magnet.
When the magnet is pulled away form the conductor,
the induced electric current produced a magnetic
field in the opposite direction, attracting the magnet.
 Faraday's Law
Faradays law states that the induced voltage is
proportional to the product of the number of loops,
the cross-sectional area of each loop and the rate
at which the magnetic field changes within those
loops.
Generators
Generators
 Generators vs Motors
Motors: electrical energy mechanical energy

Generators: mechanical energy electrical energy

Motor effect vs Generator effect

Applications
 TRANSFORMERS
A transformer works by producing a changing
magnetic field in one coil, which produces an
alternating current in a second coil.
 TRANSFORMERS
When an electric current passes through
a long, hollow coil of wire there will be a
strong magnetic field inside the coil and
a weaker field outside it.
If there is an iron core in the coil it
becomes magnetized, and seems to
make the field become much stronger
while the current is on.
 TRANSFORMERS
The iron core of a transformer is normally a
complete ring with two coils wound on it.

One is connected to a source of electrical power

and is called the primary coil.

the other coil supplies the power to a load and is

called the secondary coil.
 TRANSFORMERS
Alternating current is passed through the primary
coil (the input) which creates a changing magnetic
field in the iron core.

The changing magnetic field then induces

alternating current of the same frequency in the
secondary coil (the output).
STEP UP AND STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
The step up transformer has more turns
on the secondary coil than the primary
coil to produce a higher voltage.
The step down transformer has less
turns on the secondary coil than the
primary coil to produce a lower voltage.
 POWER
Energy transferred from one coil to the other is
done through a transformer and the rate of which
energy is transferred is power.

Power is equal to the product of voltage and

current.

If the secondary has more voltage, the current will

be less than the primary.

If the secondary has less voltage, the current will

be more than the primary.
 POWER

Transformers allow the voltage to be lowered.

POWER TRANSMISSION
Almost all electric energy is in the form of
alternating current because it is easy to transform
from one voltage to another.

Power is transmitted at high voltages and at low

currents for greater distances.

This helps to reduce energy loss.

Power transmission uses transformers to increase

voltage for long distances and decreases it when at
home or in a city.
POWER TRANSMISSION