I. Conservation of Energy
A. First Law of Thermodynamics = energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
converted between different forms
1. Example: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O + energy
a) Reaction gives off energy as heat
b) Potential energy stored in chemical bonds is lowered
c) Total energy is unchanged
2) What is in common?
a) Exothermic? Not ice melting or gas expanding
b) Increased Disorder = Increased Entropy = +S
ABC D
B
ABD C 4 microstates
ACD B Somewhat
BCD A Disordered
AB CD
CD AB 6 microstates
AC BD Fully disordered
BD AC
AD BC
c) Entropy selects mostBC AD
likely arrangement = 2 molecules in each bulb
5) Probabilities
B. Temperature Effects
Ssurroundings depends on heat flow
a) Exothermic reactions usually favors spontaneity
b) Spontaneity usually lowers the energy of the starting material as it
becomes product
c) The difference of these energies = heat released to surroundings
2) Importance of Exothermicity of Suniverse depends on Temperature
a) Adding heat to hot surroundings has little effect
b) Adding heat to cold surroundings has a large effect
c) Heat transfer is more important at low temperatures
3) In Summary
a) Sign of Ssurr depends on direction of heat transfer
b) Magnitude of Ssurr depends on T
Heat(J) H
c) Ssurr
Temperatur e(K) T
a) Spontaneous when G = - 0 H - TS
b) Set G = 0 and solve for T H 31000J/mol
T 333K
S 93J/Kmol
c) When T > 333K, TS > H and G = - (Entropy controlled)
d) When T < 333K, TS < H and G = + (Enthalpy controlled)
e) 333K is the boiling point of Br2(l)