Gravitational force not a contact force

Example: the phenomenon of apple falls from its tree,

between apple with earth is no direct contact
This case indicates that around the earth,s surface act
the gravitational force
Area around the the earth which still influenced by
the earth gravitational force is called The Earth
Gravitational Field
Generally gravitational field can be defined as the
space around an object with mass where other
object, with mass in this space will experience the
gravitational force
Gravitational field vector quantity, so that can be
visualized in form of directed lines (arrow). Besides
that it can use diagram of field lines (also called force
lines)
The closer distance between gravitational field lines
produced by an object with a mass on certain region,
then the larger the gravitational field acting upon the
other object with mass on that region.
The quantity representing the gravitational field is
called the gravitational field strength. In this case,
the gravitational field strength is defined as
gravitational force per unit of mass.
Mathematically :
Mm
G 2
F r GM
g
m m r2
The gravitational field strenght of g is also called
the gravitational acceleration
The values of g on the earths surface are rather
various, because this values depends on the
location.
The farther the location of objects from the
earths center , the smaller the gravitational
acceleration at that location.
The gravitational field strength at one point
which caused by more than one object, we
can determine it by adding the field strength
vectors.
For example, point P in gravitational field
which caused by two object. Each object has
m1 and m2 in mass, and has r1 and r2 distance.
Look at the picture below:
the strength of ggravitational
G
m1 field at point P
1
which caused by m1 is r12

the strength of gravitational

m2 field at point P
which caused by 2Gis 2
g2 m
r2
If the angle between g1 and g2 is , so the strength of
gravitational field at point P is
g g12 g 22 2 g1.g 2 . cos
The Satellite of earth (the moon)

If the the mass of satellite is m and its revolve the earth with
linier speed v and has R distance from the center of earth, so
the centripetal acceleration
2 of satellite is
mv
Fs
R
According to the Newton Gravitation Law, if the earth mass is M, so the
gravitational force between the earth and satellite is
Mm
F G
R2
The centripetal force of satellite is equal to the gravitational force
between the earth and satellite
F F . Therefore:
s g

mv 2 Mm
G
R R2
M
v2 G
R
GM
v
R
atau
v gR
Where:
G = the universal gravitational constant (Nm2 kg-2)
M = the mass of earth (kg)
m = the mass of moon (kg)
R = the distance between an object and the center of earth (m)
v = the linier speed which needed in order to the stellite can revolving
the earth (m/s)
Planetary and Satellite
Kepler proposed three laws about the
Motion
planetary motion, those are follows:
1. Kepler first law (Hukum I Kepler)
The law of Ellipses
2. Kepler second law (Hukum II kepler)
The law of equal area
3. Kepler s third law (Hukum III Kepler)
The law of harmonies, mathematically :

or
Where :
T= orbital period of planet revolving the sun
(s)
r= average distance of the planet to the sun
(m)
 The Relation of Newtons Law of gravitation and
Keplers laws
According to Newton, a planet with mass Mp orbitting in
nearly circular motion revolving the sun with mass Mm . The
centripetal force acting upon this orbiting planet is given by
the following equation: M v 2
Fp p
R

The centripetal force is the result of the gravitational force

which attacts the palnets toward the G M The
sun. p Mm
gravitational
Fg
force can be expressed by the following equation:
2
R
Because Fp M
= Fgv 2then
G that
M p Mequation can be combined into
p m

the following equation:
R R2
2R T2 4 2
v
T R 3
G Mm
Because , so the equation becomes:
 T2
Based on the Keplers Third Law that
3
k , then the equation
becomes: R
4 2
k
G Mm

The relation between the universal gravitation law and Keplers

Third Law is:
T 2 4 2
k 3
R GMm