8317 Power Transmission and Security.

Dr. N. Magaji
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ELE8317
Chapter 4
Transmission Congestion
Management:
8317 Power Transmission and Security.

Introduction
The power industry across the globe is experiencing a radical
change in its business as well as in an operational model
where, the vertically integrated utilities are being unbundled
and opened up for competition with private players.
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8317 Power Transmission and Security.
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Introduction
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Congestion & Congestion

Management
Transmission congestion occurs when there is
insufficient transmission capacity to
simultaneously accommodate all requests for
transmission service within a region
It can be defined as the condition where desired
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transmission line-flows exceed reliability limits.

Following this definition, congestion management
can be defined as the actions taken to avoid or
relieve congestion. More broadly, congestion
management can be considered any systematic
approach used in scheduling and matching
generation and loads in order to manage
congestion
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Congestion & Congestion

Management
System Operators must address all
events, all constraints reliability,
economic and natural
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Perform future studies to determine safe

operating conditions
Perform day-ahead studies of expected
operating conditions to test its operating plan
Operate in real time according to day ahead
plan
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Classification of Congestion Management

Market Based
Non Market Methods
Methods: Explicit Auctioning of
Type of contract Network Capacity
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Nodal Pricing
First Come First
Zonal Pricing
Serve Price Area Congestion
Pro-rata methods Management
Redispatch
Curtailment
Counter Trades
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Classification of Congestion Management

(Non-Market based method)
Capacity Allocation based on Type of Contract
In this type of capacity allocation, network capacity is allocated
to a particular type of transactions. For example, capacity is first
allocated to firm or long term transaction and in the rest of
capacity, maximum possible number of short term transactions
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are accommodated
Capacity Allocation on First Come First Serve Basis
There are some systems in which the bilateral contracts are awarded for transmission
network access on first come first served basis. The calculation of ATC facilitates a
participant to determine whether there is enough capacity available for him to do the
transact
Capacity Allocation based on Pro-rata Methods
Various norms can be set to assign network capacities on pro-rata basis. The capacities
can be allocated on average load or generation, or percentage of long term
transactions or maximum demand, etc. In other words, all participants receive an equal
percentage of the total amount of capacity they apply forion between two nodes of
concern.
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Classification of Congestion
Management(Market based
method)
EXPLICIT AUCTIONING
The principle of explicit auctioning is based on selling the available
capacity of the tie line as separate product and secure a physical
transmission right.
Coordinated Auctioning
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The coordinated auctioning splits the markets into energy market

and transmission capacity market. Participants have to ensure that
they own sufficient transmission rights to conclude their energy
exchanges e highest bidder through auction
NODAL PRICING BASED CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
The general idea of nodal pricing is to model an electricity market with its
various economical and technical specifications, such as generators' cost
functions, demand elasticity, generation limits, line power flow limits and
optimize the system for maximizing social welfare. This problem represents
one of the commonly employed formulations of Optimal Power Flow (OPF).
8317 Power Transmission and Security.
Classification of Congestion
Management(Market based
method)
Inter-Zonal Congestion Management Market
Zones are defined as areas where congestion is
infrequent and can be easily priced on an average cost
basis. By definition, congestion within zones is infrequent
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and possibly difficult to predict.

Congestion between zones is defined to be frequent with
large impacts. Therefore, marginal cost pricing promotes
its efficient use. Marginal Cost of transmission is the
value that market participants place on congested
transmission.
Marginal cost pricing provides the economic incentives
that promote the allocation of the limited transmission
capacity to the most cost-effective users.
8317 Power Transmission and Security.
Classification of Congestion
Management(Market based method)
Re-dispatchingRe-dispatching is exercised as a
command and control scheme, i.e., ISO curtails or
increases injections without market based incentives. As
generators have to be reimbursed, the ISO has an
incentive to keep re-dispatch cost low.
Counter TradeCounter trading is based on the same
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principles as re-dispatching, however, it may be

considered market oriented. Rather than applying
command and control, the ISO will buy and sell
electricity at prices determined by a bidding process.
The principle of counter trading is thus a buy back
principle which consists of replacing the generation of
one generator ill- placed on the grid as regards to
congestion by the generation of a better placed
generator. The ISO has to buy electricity downstream of
the congestion at higher cost and sell it upstream. Thus,
there is no congestion rent, instead a congestion cost
8317 Power Transmission and Security.
Classification of Congestion Management(Market based
method)
CurtailmentAs mentioned earlier, a transaction-based
curtailment approach is another methodology that is
used for congestion management. An example is NERCs
TLR procedure (Transmission Loading Relief). This
method is used by PJM as a last resort after its alternative
congestion management (based on LMPs as discussed
earlier). In real-time operation, the ISO monitors the
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system for possible security violations. In the event of

such violations occurring or being imminent, the TLR
method of curtailing transactions is exercised. The
transactions are prioritized for curtailment on the basis of
criteria that consider the size of the transaction, its
relative impact on the congested line flows, and the
firmness level that was fixed before dispatch. We have
seen that PTDFs can be used to determine the
incremental impact of any system injection (or any
bilateral transaction) on any line flow of interest. This
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Congestion Management
Redispatch of generation/load
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Transfer capability

Purpose of transfer capability computations

Generally speaking, the term transfer capability refers to the amount of
electric power that can be passed through a transmission network from one
place to another. The concept of transfer capability is useful for several
reasons.
A system which can accommodate large inter-area transfers is generally
more robust and flexible than a system with limited ability to accommodate
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inter-area transfers. Thus, transfer capability can be used as a rough

indicator of relative system security.
Transfer capability is also useful for comparing the relative merits of
planned transmission improvements. A transmission expansion that
increases transfer capability between two areas of the grid might be more
beneficial for increasing both reliability and economic efficiency than an
alternate improvement that provides a lesser increase in transfer capability .
Transfer capability and power system security
Transfer capability computations play a role in both the planning and operation
of the power system with regard to system security.
One benefit of interconnected power systems is the potential for increased
reliability.
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How do we measure transfer

capability
ATCAvailable Transfer Capability
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8317 Power Transmission and Security.

How do we measure transfer

capability
The ATC of a transmission system is a
measure of the transfer capability
(transmission capacity) remaining in the
physical transmission network for further
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commercial activity over and above already

committed uses . It is a measure at a given
time and depends on a number of factors
such as a system generation dispatch,
system load level, load distribution in the
network, network topology and the limits
imposed on the transmission network.
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Why is TTC/ATC calculation

required?
Restructuring of electric power
industry to an open-accessed and
market-based system introduced
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high level of power transactions to

large power system networks
operation
Deregulation of power systems has
increased the need for defensible
calculations of transfer capability and
related quantities such as the
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Procedure for calculation of
ATC
Base case LF
Identify the buses involved in
transfer
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Base case ATC-calculate PDTFs for

monitored lines
Identify credible contingencies
Calculate LODF, GODF and
recalculate ATC
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Transmission Capacity vs Tansfer

capability
Why Transfer Capability is less than
Transmission Capacity?
N-1 criteria
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Stability Criteria
Non uniform loading of parallel lines
Loop flows
Voltage profile
Load generation disposition
Intra-state network configuration
Law of diminishing returns
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CALCULATION OF AVAILABLE
TRANSFER CAPABILITY (ATC)

Definition of Various Terms

Available Transfer Capability (ATC)
It is a measure of the transfer capability remaining in
the physical transmission network for further
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commercial activity over and above already committed

uses. Mathematically, ATC is defined as the Total
Transfer Capability (TTC) less the Transmission Reliability
Margin (TRM), less the sum of existing transmission
commitments (which includes retail customer service)
and the Capacity Benefit Margin (CBM)
ATC = TTC - TRM - Existing Transmission Commitments
(including CBM)
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CALCULATION OF AVAILABLE
TRANSFER CAPABILITY (ATC)

Total Transfer Capability (TTC)It is defined as the

amount of electric power that can be transferred over the
interconnected transmission network in a reliable manner
while meeting all of the specific set of defined pre and post
contingency system conditions.
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Transmission Reliability Margin (TRM)It is defined as

the amount of transmission transfer capability necessary to
ensure that the interconnected transmission network is
secure under a reasonable range of uncertainties in system
conditions.
Capacity Benefit Margin (CBM)It is defined as the
amount of transmission transfer capability reserved by load
serving entities to ensure that the interconnected systems
do meet generation reliability requirements
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Method of Calculating ATC
A broad way of classifying methods is based on the type of
limit considered, i.e., Thermal limit, Voltage limit or the
Angular stability limit.
The DC power flow methods(Take into consideration only
the thermal limits)
AC Optimal power flow (OPF) methods
This method consider thermal as well as voltage limits.
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Continuation power flow method (CPF)

It considers a series of power system solutions to be solved
and tested for limits. The amount of transfer is gradually
increased from the base case until a binding limit is
encountered.
DC power transfer distribution factors (PTDF)
This utilizes DC load flow based formulation, and
computation of simultaneous ATC has also been considered
using an optimization based approach
Let us see the details of DC power flow based ATC
calculation next.
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PTDF and LODF based Method of

Calculating ATC
Power Transfer Distribution Factor (PTDF) can be
used to calculate the maximum allowable flow for a
given pair of injection and take-off points. It is also
necessary to consider the effects of contingencies
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like line outages. This can be achieved using Line

Outage Distribution Factor (LODF).
Assumptions for DC load model
Voltage magnitudes are constant.
Only angles of complex bus voltages vary.
The variation in angle is small.
Transmission lines are lossless
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PTDF and LODF based Method of
Calculating
With these assumptions, ATC
power flows over transmission
lines connecting bus i and bus j is given as:
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PTDF and LODF based Method of Calculating
ATC(cont.)
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PTDF and LODF based Method of Calculating
ATC(cont.)
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8317 Power Transmission and Security.
PTDF and LODF based Method of Calculating
ATC(cont.)
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8317 Power Transmission and Security.
PTDF and LODF based Method of Calculating
ATC(cont.)
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8317 Power Transmission and Security.
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Thank you