m
V It is defined as ¬ ¬
¬
¬¬
¬
p
Ê load is said to be a dead
or steady load, when it does not change in
magnitude or direction.
Jë
Ê load is said to be a
live or variable load, when it changes continually.
xm
Ê load is
said to be a shock load, when it is suddenly
applied or removed.
¦
Ê load is said to be an impact
load, when it is applied with some initial velocity
mmm
V Ýhen some external system of forces or loads act
on a body, the internal forces (equal and opposite)
are set up at various sections of the body, which
resist the external forces. This internal force per
unit area at any section of the body is known as
Stress, ǔ = M
V In S.I. units, the stress is usually expressed in
Pascal (Pa) such that 1Pa = 1N/m2
m
¬¦?
m
mmm ÊNp m
m
V Ýhen a body is subjected to equal and
opposite forces acting ¬ ¬ across the
resisting section, as a result of which the body
tends to shear off the section, then the stress
induced is called
Ǖ D ù or Ǖ = C.ù or Ǖ ù = C
ǔb = M = M (d.t)
d.t = area of the rivet
V The local compression which exists at the surface
of contact between two members of a machine
part that are in relative motion, is called
' mmm
NUMw I ÊL P YBLwMS 1
TY 10 ( ÊPTw ¦)
'
V Ê square tie bar 20mm × 20mm in section carries a
load. It is attached to a bracket by means of 6 bolts.
alculate the diameter of the bolt if the maximum
stress in the tie bar is 150N/mm2 and in the bolts is
75N/mm2
: ÊT = 20 × 20 = ¦00mm2; n = 6; db = ?; l
150N/mm2; l 75N/mm2
m
: The load is shared equally by the tie rod
and six bolts
P = l × ÊT = 150 × ¦00 = 60000N
P = l × Êb × n
60000 = 75 × (Ⱥ/4)d2 × 6
P
'
V Two circular rods of 50mm diameter are connected
by a knuckle joint, as shown
IJ P/(2 × Êpin)
= 120000/(2 × Ⱥ/4 × ¦02)
m m
mmm
V Ýhen a machine member is subjected to the
action of couple acting in parallel planes (or
torque or twisting moment), then the machine
member is said to be subjected to
V The stress set up by torsion is known as
It is zero at the
centroidal axis and maximum at the outer
surface
m m
mmm
Substitute k = di/do
|
M À ! "
" #$