Information Management

in the Age of Cloud computing

Disruptive Innovations
Perspective

S. M. Shaf

Department of Library and

Information Science
University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar
 The Presentation

The Cloud
Disruptive Innovations
Problem
Objectives
Method
Analysis & Results : Possible solutions
Future: Planning & Implementation
Conclusion
Problem

oAn exploratory study

oTo understand the Potential of present
opportunity of Change Dynamics in ICT, here
CC, for Information and knowledge
Management particularly for Library and
Information Professionals.
Objectives

To ascertain whether Professionals have

begun seriously consider the changes C.C

brings

Impact of C.C on Traditional services of

Library & Information management visa-vis

cost, speed etc

Method

The study is based on the literature

available and scanned by the author on
the theme primarily from Emerald and
Elsevier databases etc and some empirical
study during my interaction with certain
tools.
The results are summed up to make my
case about the future of the cloud in IM and
KM based on the premise of Disruptive
The
Cloud
Fuzzy, Distant, Diffuse and

Immense

Environment or

Arrangement where

institution Relies on

Remote Hosting for major

Automation Component.
The
Cloud
Marketing Term more than Technical One
Highly Clustered and Distributed performance
Computing Tasks Across Many Devices
to Maximize Performance with High
tolerance for the Future of Individual
Components
Desk to Cloud
Cloud computing

Grid computing

Client-server

Personal Stand alone

Cloud
Computing
History : Most prominent 2007

Defnitions: Authors differ

Some Technical Some Simple

Cloud Computing

[. . .] a model for enabling convenient, on demand

network access to a shared pool

of confgurable computing resources (e.g. network,

servers, storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction
(Han, 2010)

A Style of computing in which massively Scalable and

Elastic IT enable Capabilities are delivered as a service
to external customers using Internet technologies
Others

Any server usage or software application you

can access outside of your local server (Wolf,
2010)

An emerging architecture by which data and

applications reside in cyberspace, allowing users
to access them through any web-connected
device (Murley, 2009)

The simplest and shortest defnition

a new technology model for IT services
Argue !

Let us argue from the defnitions and types:

It is not technology that is important but

opportunities it affords for
Efficiency,
Savings,
Cooperation &
Collaboration.
Example
Layers (3#4)

(1)Software as a service (SaaS), &/or

Application as a service (AaaS)

(2) Hardware as a Service (HaaS) or

Platform as a Service (PaaS),
and

(3) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

 The Cloud:
features
o Abstract technology platform
(Generalized Access to Remote Resources rather Local
and Discrete servers)

o Utility model of computing

(Fees Charged of Use rather Capital investment In
Hardware or Software Licenses)

o Computing on Demand rather Resources

allocated on Need
Elastic Quality & Power of Computing Resources
(INCREASE @ Peak use LOWER on Scale down)
The Cloud: Future
Separate Hype From Substance:

o Ubiquitous Internet means uninterrupted

access to data/application

o Library s media Collection, movies and video

streams on your personal storage

o Reshapes the way organization handle

computing needs

continue
The Cloud: Future

o Age of The CLOUD - Not quite arrived

obstacles remain

o Internet Commercially not become sufficiently

pervasive or cheap

o Supplements rather Replaces locally installed

Software

o On small Scale done but Great deal depend

upon Planning more exclusively
Disruptive Innovation

*A term coined by Clayton Christensen

*A process by which a product or service takes

root initially in simple applications at the
Bottom of a market and then relentlessly
Moves up market, eventually displacing
Established Competitors.
Disruptive Innovation

An innovation (ie disruptive) allows a whole

new population of consumers at the bottom
of a market access to a product or service
that was historically only accessible to
consumers with a lot of money or a lot of
skill.
 Disruptive Power
(from Telegraphy to Telephone)

Technologies (of radical nature) often looked

upon initially, with cynicism or dismissed - as
useless inventions.

William Orton : (the president of Western

Union.) Alexander Graham Bells telephone
invention as an electric toy when his company
declined inventors patent for US $ 100.000

The telephone eventually killed Telegraph and led

to demise of Western Union
Disruptive Power (Social Networking)

Only a few yrs ago online social networking was

regarded as a diversion for young Adults & is now
a part of Retail Companies Strategic and
critical component of organizations larger
Marketing Efforts

Online social Network was further catapulted into

mass fame (2011) following Arab uprisings
(resulted) fall of Dictatorial regimes.
Example

DISRUPTOR DISRUPTEE

Cell phone Landline

P. Cs Mainframe

Cloud Client- server

 Disruptive innovation: Types
New Market Disruption: Customers prevented
due to cost/complexity issues

Example: Canons photocopier; printers etc

Low End Disution: Affects low end of the original

business, Not create new market they attract least
attractive customers: Example: Cheap Airlines in USA,
India

Hybrid: Both above .

Example: American Southwest Airlines
Cloud Computing: Disruptive Innovation
Attribute
Potential to destabilize ICT Markets relying on

providing Traditional on premises ICT Solutions.

Create other Business opportunities that didnt

exist before consuming ICT ,both soft and Hard

The penetration of the cloud and Social

Networking into IM lend support to this theory

The theory also suggests that it initially have

performance problems---characteristics of DI. (loss of

service by S. Networks etc)

Library & Information Management:
Analysis
Status: What is happening?

Possible solutions:
o Data
o Library services
o Digital library
o Information services
o Web services
OCLC survey (March 2011)

*Sample: 300 librarians out of 2700

5% have started CC (AmazonEC2; VMWare; Vcloud
Express)
13% use CC as Stage and Backup (Dropboxetc)
55% used CC Applications ( with leaders being
Google Docs, Google Calendar & Gmail)
66% using C based sharing Applications with leader
being Facebook; Twitter, Flicker and You tube.
19% had created Library related Applications' using
Cloud service
 Possible solutions: Data
Silos?
Silos are generally associated with large
chambers for storage and preservation of
Grain keeping it free from spoilage by
isolating from potential interference from
external bodies.
On similar pattern, organizations have
created Data silos
 Many Eyes

Allows to upload data,

enables to create
visualizations for sharing /
embedding.
Google Docs

Used to make data publicly available

Yahoo
Pipes
Helps to create mashups
through GUI
Twapper Keeper
Service to create archives of Twitter-
comments of a particular weightage. (
http://twapperkeeper.com)

Webometric Analyst
Application of APIs to
create network diagrams----
in webometrics

NodeXL
A virtualization
&Networking
tool/template in EXCEL
-2007/10
 Possible Solutions
o Departmental Computing vs. Cloud Model
(DC offers several advantages: responsibility
and highest cost, personnel whereas Many
factors Go in favor of CC)

o Hosting Option
Choices Many (Remote website Hosting;
Server collocation; Dedicated server hosting ;
Virtual Server Hosting-less Expensive
 Possible Solutions (Iaas)
o Infrastructure-as- a- Service(IaaS)
( TO MOVE IN REALM OF the Cloud ACTUALLY)

More Legtimately considered as CC,

As an abstract approach to gaining the right level of
capacity for an organizational infrastructure;

Subscribes to computing and storage

Capabilities on need basis, Elastic characteristics .
Example: EC2
 Possible Solutions (Iaas)

o Data Storage in the Cloud

Data Devices incredibly inexpensive and

flexible.(USB Disk drives, Flash Drives) But
Misplaced and inherently insecure.

A Major Component of IaaS

Example: Amazons: S3
Possible Solutions (Storage)

PERSONAL PORTABLE STORAGE

Offer modest space @ Little or NO COST

SERVICES:

Dropbox (http://www.dropbox.com) Free

2GB

Wind Live SkyDrive (

http://explore.live.com/windows-live-skydri
ve
) Free 25GB
 Possible Solutions (Storage)

o Amazon Cloud Drive (

http://www.amazon.com/clouddrive/learnmore)
Free 5GB

Box.net
(http://box.net) business oriented offer 5GB

Adrive
(http://www.adrive.com) 5o GB free
Possible solutions (SaaS)

Software-as-a- Service(SaaS)
(Access to software Applications over the web
rather than using individual instances on local
workstation)

Multitenant Architecture
(involves ability for a single instance of the
Application shareable among many
simultaneously)
Possible solutions (SaaS)

Recent Products Designed and Deployed

(through SaaS
NEW Generation Library Automation Products
include :
Primo Central & Alma from Ex Libris

Many & Most popular Productivity and

Communication Applications
(personal or Business use):
Gmail and Google Docs.
Possible solutions - ASP

Application Service Provider (asp)

Not Recent (1990)

Traditional Model (Client Server) Server

Installed In Library/Organisation

ASP Client Server Same - server Reside In

Data Centre/Client Access Server Through
Internet
Possible solutions - ASP

Provides Many Characteristics For Legacy

Applications-not Specifcally developed for
Multitenant Access

LIBRARY PERSPECTIVE ---MOST BENEFITS

OF SaaS APPILICATION

Provider Perspective more effort than SaaS

One Instance VS All Organisational Users

Subset of SaaS
Possible Solutions: Platform as a
service
PaaS

Offers a complete technology stack

(including Support for programming.

Language/appilication programming
interfcae; Database functionality; Data
store
Platform as a service (Examples)

Google Appilication Engine (

http://code.Google.com/appengine )
supportsprogramming languages such as
jav,python,Go

Amazon Web Service(http://aws.amazon.com)---a

complex set of products Spanning g both Iaas
/PaaS

Force.com (http://www.forcr.com) is an underlying

platform for Salesforce.com
 Possible Solutions: Platform as a
service
o Bungee Connect (http://www.bungee.com) a
platform for development of Cloud based
Applications.

Heronku (http:// www.heronku.com) is a PaaS

for the Ruby Programming Language.

o Others: Many Library developers have written

Utilities &Extensions making use of OCLCs
WorldShare platform as a Development platform
 Planning for the future
AN INEVITABLE FUTURE?

Technology Budgets drift towards subscription

Based services

Hence libraries Need to PLAN 4 the changes

Associted with Major Shift

Swithching to an ILS delivered through SaaS

Need More PLANNING Compared to Free Use of
Services such as: Dropbox Or Google Apps
 Planning for the future

REBALANCE BUDGETS FOR TECHNOLOGY

Consider costs (Best value offer local vs. cloud)

Negotiate service level Agreements

(Guarantees with services) ?

Recognize cloud computing implications for

internet Bandwidth
Planning for the future

SHIFT TO LIBRARY AUTOMATION

(make Major Investment in Core Automation
Systems to manage operations and provide
access to collection/Services)

CONSIDER ASP offerings:

SirsiDynix- Largest Library Automation
vendors Globally
(In 2011 it reports 700 of its customers
deploy either Horizon or Symphony through
SaaS.
 Planning for the future
CONSIDER ASP OFFERINGS

EX-libris(www.exlibrisgroup.com)

Alma (
http://www.exlibrisgroup.com/categor/Almaovervie
w)(Ex-Libris
Next Generation Library AutomationPlatform
(2012))

Biblionix(http://www.biblionix.com) provides
product called apollo to small public libraries
Planning for the future

CONSIDER ASP OFFERINGS

Bibliocommons ( http://www.bibliocommons.com)
--A new Generation Catalogue Interface for
public libraries Basd on Social Networking
Conceptsdeliverd through (SaaS)

Open Sorce Automation Systems (use IaaS/SaaS)

LibLime Academic Koha using Amazon EC2
Planning for the future

CONSIDER MULTITENNANT SaaS

Libray Automation Products that Embrace More

modern understanding of Saas ie Beyond vendor
hosting of Traditional software

Serials solutions
(http://www.serialssolutions.com)offers products
related to Management of and Access to
Electronic resources
Planning for the future
REPOSITORIES MOVE TO CLOUD
Libraries can implement I.R/D.C/ D.preservation
activities through the Cloud.

o Merge of Dspace and Fedora Commons ie

Common Governance Duraspace(http://
www.duraspace.org)

o DuraCloud (http
://duracloud.org)(2011(pilot2009) to deliver
flexble service for Storage, Long term
preservation & Access in Digital repositories
Planning for the future

iOCLC EMBRACES CLOUD

From World Cat to World share Management

Services

World share Management Services fits in

Several Aspects of Cloud computing.

Operates in Computing Infrastructure it

owns/maintains.

More than 2o Libraries use by 2011

Planning for the future:
implementation
Determine the cost of library automation
in the cloud

Problem: Absence of price List for

Software/Related services

Some Factors:
i) User Population
ii) No of Personnel operating the Software;
iii) Size of Collection
iv) Modules /options selected.
Planning for the future:
implementation
Leverage the cloud for supplemental storage;
(big data terabytes, petabytes,May be
exabytes,zetta,yettabytes

use Google apps

use cloud based e_mail on a large scale

power a static website (use S3)

power your dynamic website (use amazon EC2)

More:Research Use

Ex Libriss bX combines usage data from millions of

researchers to create a scholarly recommender service. Ex

Libris soon plans to offer Hot Articles, a free service

employing bX data that shows what articles are trending in

a particular subject.

http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2012/03/software/the-library-cloud-pros-and-

cons/
More:Catalogue Application

CATALOGUE USE

Mobile phone apps can add value to cloud-based

library data. OCLCs WorldCat mobile site aims to direct

patrons to the closest library owning a certain book by

mashing-up data from WorldCat holdings, library locations,

and user locations.

 More:Stacks Mapping

LIBRARY USE

Stack Map shelf-mapping software is a new service that

allows libraries to show users a map of the books physical

location in the library based on a pre-recorded call number

range. Unlike radio-frequency identifcation (RFID) chips,

which potentially allow for real-time search of a book via

location tracking, this service is less dynamic but

nonetheless useful.
Further:Web Collaboration

Web collaboration is only partially enabled by the

underlying concept of cloud computing.

Modern information and communication technology (ICT)

enables collaboration to take place on a virtual

dimension, regardless of time and location thereby

creating the virtual organization in which a group of

persons are able to share and access available resources

regardless of location (Fong, 2005).

Examples of Cloud Services in Web
collaboration
WIKIS

Wikis is one such service that exemplifes a Web

tool or service enabling collaborative work and

cloud computing.
 Collaborative Website Development

A tool for collaborative website development is Google

Sites.
Google Sites (http://sites.google.com) is a content
management system that includes wiki-like
features.
Google Sites is a Web-based page-creation tool
[with] buttons for formatting text, creating links,
including images several different layouts from
which you can choose
Google Sites serves an example of a service for
 Collaborative Web Documents

Librarians can collaborate using the Web to work on

online documents. This can be done through the use of
Web services that permit online document collaboration
and sharing.
Google Docs includes traditional business programs
(word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation
software) used through a browser that connects to the
data on Google's machines (Hosch, 2009).
Google Docs is also described as a Web-based
Document Management System for storage and
management of a company's documents, such as word
processing documents, presentations, and
 Collaborative Customizable Search Engines

Today, search engines are considered the primary

tools for the most important web services in

cyberspace (Chuang and Wu, 2007).

This may be changing due to the new ideas of social

search and social media search (Bradley, 2008;

Scale, 2008), and

librarians have the opportunity to improve search

engine retrieval for better results.

continue

This is possible with tools for building customized

search engines like Google Custom Search Engine
(GCSE). GCSE allows the builder to focus on selecting
valuable content and tuning the ranking criteria, while
Google does all the heavy lifting of crawling,
indexing, ranking, and displaying results (Enge and
Biundo, 2008).

With Google doing the technical work, librarians can do

what they are best at, the selection of quality content
for the GCSE to index. Thus reference librarians and
digital bibliographers can crank out their bookmarks
and favorites and convert them into focused search
Others include :

Blogs,

Social networking sites, and

Social bookmarking sites.

Pros/Con
s
SECURITY ISSUES
Neutral compared with Local Systems (same
tools/ techniques for ensuring Security)

o provider lacks responsibility 4 software

/Operating Sytem

o Libraries Have Responsibility to Safeguard the

privacy of Data

o May follow Standard practices like SSL (Secure

Socket layer) for any log-in
Pros/Con
s
Reliability Issues

Cloud Based services offer Higher levels of

Reliability than Organizations themselves
Large Sclae Providers (Amazon,Google &
Rackspace base their services on Architecture to
withstand failures
Pros/Con
s
Large Scale Data

o Library is a growing Organism (Hence increasing

Data)

o Hold Large Terabytes/Petabytes of Content (SaaS)

(S3) (vedio, scientifc data,c ollections,d igitized
Books, MSS)

o BUT Cost Advantages between Local/Cloud Change

dramatically (Exceeds to purchase Cost ?)

o TIME/COST OF BANDWITH; Hence presently Less viable

for present cost
Pros/Con
s
Environmental Issues

The Cloud Results in Reduced Environmental

impact through:
o Reduced amounts of energy consumed
relative to use of Discrete Equipment
o Hundreds of Servers in an institution/
localities-Increase daily
Pros/Con
s

Version control

Locally: A Major Challenge

SaaS shifts the Burden from

Local LIBRARY to Vendor
Pros/Con
s
Flexible Environment For Library Developers
CC provides Many Benefts: Avoid Maintenance of
Local Computers for Development (procurement
to maintenance like:

Replacement; Overheads; Time investment; Server

purchase and set up. (IaaS EC2 can be done in
minutes).

Quite Expensive for Projects within Threshold of

Free Service.
Conclusio
n
I.M/KM is entering a new era making signifcant
contribution to knowledge generation,
creation and management helped by new
thinking, tools and Disruptive innovations
web 2.0 and cloud computing
Past technologies and approaches often proved
expensive to implement and difficult o use
The new approach is expected to herald a new
knowledge and information rich world.
FEEDBACK

?
 THANKS
smshafi@kashmiruniversity.ac.in
+91 9419008599