PROJECT SUBMITTED

BY
K.Sujani Sree
R.No:
13B01D4310
Supervised By
Prof. Dr. P.V.V.RamaRao
SVECW,Bhimavaram
 Abstarct
introduction
Proposed Block Diagram
Simulation Results
Conclusion
 From the past decades the main design objective of photovoltaic (PV)
system is to extract the maximum available power from the PV array
and inject it into the utility (or) grid. Therefore, the maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) of a PV array and also maximizing its efficiency
are the important design aspects. As far as the PV plant
interconnected grid system is concerned, the power quality,
reliability of the system and protection of the system as well as the
grid synchronization plays a vital role.

In conventional grid interfacing PV systems power-processing is done

in two stages among which first stage employs dc-dc converter for
maximum power extraction from PV panel. In second stage this
maximum power is fed to grid through a power electronic converter
using different control techniques. In order to improve the reliability
and effectiveness of the PV system with minimum cost, a single
stage power processing unit is employed. In which Inverter is used in
a single-stage to extract maximum available power from the solar
array by employing a proper MPPT algorithm with tracks the
maximum power point and fed to grid by maintaining power quality.

The proposed topology of 1 MW grid interfaced PV system is

modelled and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK for which the
results were shown in the disserted manner.
 Global warming and energy policies have become a hot topic on the
international agenda in the last years. Developed countries are trying to
reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
For example, the EU has committed to reduce the emissions of greenhouse
gas to at least 20% below 1990 levels and to produce no less than 20% of its
energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020
Among various renewable energy systems, photovoltaic power generation
systems (PV systems) are expected to play an important role as a clean
electricity power source in meeting future electricity demandsProblem
identification

The efficiency of a PV plant is affected mainly by three factors: the efficiency

of the PV panel (in commercial PV panels it is between 8-15%), the efficiency
of the inverter (95-98%) and the efficiency of the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) algorithm (which is over 98%).

MPPT algorithms are necessary because PV arrays have a non-linear voltage-

current characteristic with a unique point where the power produced is
maximum
 A Photovoltaic (PV) system directly converts sunlight into
electricity. The basic device of a PV system is the PV cell. Cells may
be grouped to form panels or arrays.
The voltage and current available at the terminals of a PV device
may directly feed small loads such as lighting systems and DC
motors. More sophisticated applications require electronic
converters to process the electricity from the PV device.
These converters may be used to regulate the voltage and current
at the load, to control the power flow in grid-connected systems,
and mainly to track the maximum power point (MPP) of the device.
The mathematical model of the PV device may be useful in the
study of the dynamic analysis of converters, in the study of MPP
tracking (MPPT) algorithms, and mainly to simulate the PV system
and its components using circuit simulators.
 There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in
small, medium- and large-scale systems. They are sun tracking,
maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both. MPP tracking is popular
for the small-scale systems based uneconomical reasons. The algorithms
that are most commonly used are the perturbation and observation
(P&O) method

The CVT is very simple, but the constant voltage cant track MPP when solar
illumination changes so the constant voltage method is not often used in the
true MPPT strategy.

The P&O method is based on the principle of perturbation and observation.

The majority of these methods are based on the perturbation and
observation (P&O), which has the advantage of simple operation. It is an
iterative method of obtaining MPP. It measures the PV array characteristics,
and then perturbs the operating point of PV generator to encounter the
change direction.
incremental conductance method (INC) is also commonly used due to the
rapid response.
A basic three-phase inverter consists of
three legs. Each connected to one of
the three load terminals. Each leg
consists of two switches. In order to
realize the three-phase output from a
circuit employing dc as the input
voltage a three-phase inverter has to
be used. The inverter is built of
switching devices, thus the way in
which the switching takes place in the
inverter gives the required output. For
the control strategy of the grid
connected PV system the p-q theory is
applied. To control the inverters output
current the hysteresis band current
control technique is applied.

The block diagram schematic of the

proposed solar energy conversion
scheme is shown in following Figure
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SOLAR CELL
The solar cell can be represented by the electrical model
shown in Fig 2.2. Its current-voltage characteristic is
expressed by the following equation (1):

here I and V are the solar cell output current and voltage
respectively, I0 is the dark saturation current, q is the charge
of an electron, A is the diode quality (ideality) factor, k is the
Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature and RS
and RSH are the series and shunt resistances of the solar
cell. RS is the resistance offered by the contacts and the
bulk semiconductor material of the solar cell
In an ideal case RS would be zero and RS H infinite
 Where
 The maximum power is generated by the
solar cell at a point of the current-voltage
characteristic where the product VI is
maximum. This point is known as the MPP
and is unique, as can be seen in Fig 2.5,
where the previous points are represented.
 Under uniform solar irradiation conditions, PV
panels exhibits a unique operating point where
PV power is maximized.
The PV power characteristic is nonlinear
considering a single PV cell, which varies with
the level of solar irradiation and temperature.
In order to track the continuously varying
Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the solar array,
the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
should be applied in PV systems. The MPPT
scheme ensures the operation of system at
Maximum Power Point regardless of
environmental conditions and load conditions.
 Perturb & Observe (P&O) is the simplest method. In this we
use only one sensor, that is the Voltage sensor, to sense the
PV array voltage and so the cost of implementation is less
and hence Easy to implement.

The time complexity of this algorithm is very less but on

reaching very closes to the MPP it doesnt stop at the MPP
and keeps on perturbing on both the directions.

When this happens the algorithm has reached very close to

the MPP and we can set an appropriate error limit or can
use a wait function which ends up increasing the time
complexity of the algorithm.
 The dc to ac converters more commonly known as inverters, depending
on the type of the supply/source and the related topology of the power
circuit, are classified as voltage source inverter (VSIs) and current source
inverter (CSIs).

The input dc is usually obtained from PV cell.

 The basic implementation of hysteresis current controller
derives the switching signals from the comparison current
errors with a fixed hysteresis band.
For the control of the output current of the inverter we will
apply the hysteresis band current control technique, which is
shown in figure

If the inverters output current reaches the zones upper limit

then the upper switch is OFF and the lower switch is ON.
If the inverters output current reaches the zones lower limit
then the upper switch is ON and the lower switch is OFF .The
switching functions for phases b and c are determined
similarly.
 In this project the connection of PV system on the grid
takes place in one stage using voltage source inverter.
Number of PV cells are grouped together to form a PV
array. Number of PV arrays is connected in series and
parallel to obtain more voltage and current.

Based on the P&O algorithm and output voltage of the

PV array is changed the maximum power point changes
simultaneously. For the implementation of P&O algorithm
directly to the inverter, the switching elements of the
inverters must be approximately pulsed so that every
moment the voltage capacitor of the DC bus is equal to
the reference voltage which is given by MPPT algorithm.
Therefore the algorithm brings in, the capacitor voltage
and PV current as a inputs, the desirable PVs voltage as a
output.
 There are some conditions to be
satisfied for interfacing or synchronizing
the SPV system with grid or utility. If
proper synchronizing is not done then
SPV potential cannot be fed to the grid

Phase Sequence Matching

Frequency Matching
 Grid synchronisation requires grid phase angle

Numerous research works are reporting several algorithms

capable of detecting the grid voltage phase angle, i.e.
Zero crossing detection, the use of arc tan function or
phase-locked loop (PLL) technique
inverter input voltage, current, power waveforms of three phase inverter
 4
x 10
4
2

V inv (V )
0
-2
-4
3.0 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10
time(sec)

10
Inv (A )

-10
3.0 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10
time(sec)
6
x 10
2
P inv (W )

0
3.0 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.1
time(sec)

output voltage, current, power wave forms of inverter

THD of inverter voltage
THD of inverter
step change in irradiation, voltage, current and power outputs of a PV panel
step change in irradiation, inverter voltage, current and power
 The electrical quantity variations in the PV panel were observed
and steady state conditions for different irradiations were
obtained.
The power quality of the grid voltage and grid current were found
to be well within IEEE standards for grid connected system.