AIR HANDLING

SYSTEMS
Submitted to-: Presented By
Ar.Nisha sharma Vaibhav Mittal
Surbhi garg
Tanya nayyer
 HVAC systems
Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
systems are the integral part of
environmental control system design.

Basic components of HVAC:

1. Air Handling Unit

2. Air distribution
Dust network
Insulator
Dampers/valves
Return lower & grills.
3. Air filters
Air Handling Unit
AHU is a device used to condition and
circulate air as part of a heating ventilating
and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.
It is a large metal box containing a blower,
heating or cooling elements, filter racks or
chambers, humidity & temperature control
loops.
Air Handling Unit
CONSTRUCTION
Usually the Air Handling Units have a casing (also
known box) constructed by a framing system and
double skin insulated panels (also known as
insulated sandwich panel).

The most common framing materials are galvanized

steel, AluZinc or aluminium. Regarding the panels
skin, the most common materials are galvanized
steel and AluZinc. In hygienic AHU's the inner skin
usually is made from stainless steal or

AHU Sandwich Panel - Galvanized steel double skin with

PU foam insulation
 AluZinc with a special painting finishing.
The materials used to insulate the panels
are 99% of the times mineral wool (also
known as stone wool or mineral fiber) or
PU (Polyurethane).
Some manufacturers choose the mineral
wool and some the PU, it all depends the
compromise between thermal
characteristics, acoustic attenuation, AHU casing structure
mechanical strength and production costs profile structure with
that each one is looking for the final base.
product.
All the components will be installed inside
the casing.
The casing is installed on top of a base
(or chassis).
COMPONENTS
- Heat recovery systems (cross flow plate heat
exchangers, cross flow plate heat exchangers, heat
wheel/rotating heat exchangers, run around coils
and heat pipes, etc)
- Humidifiers (Adiabatic/Evaporative Pad, non-
pressurized Steam, pressurized steam)
- Dehumidifiers (DX coil, desiccant rotor)
- Ultraviolet UV disinfection lamps
- Photo catalytic oxidation (PCO) air cleaners
- Sound attenuators
- Mist/Droplet eliminators
- Dampers
 AHU with some components (fans,
filters and a combined cross-flow and
Example of a typical Plug Fan
counter-flow heat exchanger. Top and
used in Air Handling Units.
bottom panels mounted, side panels
are missing.
Configuration Types

Inline - Supply 100% Outdoor Air

Inline - Supply Mixed Air

Inline - Double Flux (with Mixing Air)

Double-Deck - 100% Outdoor Air

 Double-Deck - Mixed Air

Side by Side - 100% Outdoor Air

 Side by Side - Mixed Air

U Shape - Supply 100%

Outdoor Air
L Shape - Supply 100% Outdoor Air
Temperature and humidity control
Temperatures in the 68-74 F (19-23 C)
range is comfortable for working
environment.
Temperature control is important in the
areas where autoclaves, ovens, dry heat
strerilization tunnels are present.
Humidity comfort levels are in the 45-55%
RH range.
Air dryers can be used to maintain lower
than normal humidity levels.
AIR FILTERATION SYSTEMS

CONTENTS

Introduction
Types of filteration
Mechanisms of filteration
Types of air filters
Introduction

Filteration is an important aspect of

environmental control in Pharmaceutical
industry.
The main aim of filteration is to produce
dust free atmosphere.
It is required in areas like spray drying,
coating, granulating, milling, packaging etc.
Filters are selected based on the required
environment.
Mechanisms of air filteration
Air filteration involves the removal of
unwanted particles due to collision of
particles with the filter.
Such removal of particles due to collisions
are governed by forces called as
a) Impingement
b) Diffusion
c) Interception
 Mechanisms of air filteration
Impingement
It is also called as Inertial impaction.

Particle inertia causes it to leave the flow

streamlines and impact on the fiber. This is
called as spraining effect.
This is not suitable for particles of size <5
microns.
 Mechanisms of air filteration
Diffusion
This is also known as Brownian Movement
resulting in the movement of particles from
molecular collisions.

Efficient method for particles of size <1

microns.
 Mechanisms of air filteration
Interception
The particle/droplet collides to the one of the
filters fibre after coming close enough to it.

Oil metal plates/mesh are used.

Affects the particles above 4 microns.
Air filter efficiency
Air filter efficiency is

Maximum impingement in low velocity

diffusion at high velocities

Minimum impingement in high velocity

diffusion at low velocities
Air filters
Air filters are made up of fibre glass, sinter glass,
charcoal, glass wool, dry fabric, oil wetting fabric.

Arrangement: sandwich
flat
disk
pleated
box

Purpose: final filter

post filter
fine filter
intermediate filter
Types of air filters

1. Ultra low penetration and high

efficiency particulate air filters (ULPA
& HEPA)
2. Packed towers
3. Membrane filter catridges
4. Hydrophobic filters
 HEPA FILTER
HEPA is an acronym
for High Efficiency
Particulate Air

This type of air filter

can remove at least
99.97% of dust,
pollen, mold, bacteria
and any airborne
particles with a size of
0.3 micrometres (m)
 HEPA FILTER
Media is the filtering material.
Eg: glass fiber, synthetic fiber, non-woven fiber
Sealantis the adhesive material that creates a
leak-proof seal between the filter media and the
frame.
Frameis where the filter media is inserted.
Eg: aluminum, stainless steel, plastic or wood.
Faceguardis a screen attached to the filter to
protect the filter media during handling and
installation.
Gasket is a rubber or sponge like material used
to prevent air leaks between the filter and its
housing by compressing the two together.
HEPA FILTER
Construction:
HEPA filter is constructed of borosilicate
microfibres in the form of pleated sheet
Sheet is pleated to increase the overall
filtration surface area.
The pleats are separated by serrated
aluminum baffles or stitched fabric ribbons,
which direct airflow through the filter
This combination of pleated sheets and
baffles acts as filtration medium.
 HEPA FILTER
It is installed into an
outer frame made of
fire-rated particle
board, aluminum, or
stainless steel

The frame-media
junctions are
permanently glued or
pot-sealed to
ensure a leak proof
HEPA FILTER
HEPA filter performance is dependent upon th
following characteristics:
Air flow
Temperature

Pollutant loading

Dust holding capacity

Filter media

Contruction of HEPA
Operating conditions etc.
 Testing of HEPA filters
There are 2 separate tests for HEPA and ULPA filter
collection efficies.
HEPA efficeincy is rated using a thermal di octyl
phthalate (DOP) test. The test dust for HEPA filters
is mono-sized, DOP particles, generated by
vapourization and condensation. Photometer
measures particle penetration by sensing the
scattered light.
ULPA efficiency is tested using a particle counter
upstream & downstream of filter. Automizer injects
DOP,alcohol & mineral oil in hexane to generate
particles.
Mono disperse Poly disperse
particles particles
Types of air filters
2.Packed towers

Packed towers are

custom designed to
provide removal
efficiencies in the
range of 95% to
99% for acid and
toxic gases with a
low pressure drop
 Types of air filters

3. Membrane filter
catridges
oThese are compact,

easily handled and can be

manufactured as fully
disposal form.
oThese are available as

either pre filter

(particulate and liquid
aerosal) or sterilizing
filter (bacterial
contaminents).
Types of air filters
4. Hydrophobic filters
These are generally used as vent filters.
They protect the contents of the containers
against contamination in the air which
enters or leaves them.
Dust collectors
Dust collectors are used for equipment
maintanance.
Air pollution is controlled.

Main features
Low cost & maintainance
Most commonly used for all type of medium
from coarse to fine except <5 microns
particles.
Collection efficiency of 10 to 100 microns
with multiclones.
Dust collectors
Types of dust collectors

1) Dry mechanical collectors

2) Wet collectors & scrubbers
3) Fabric collectors
4) ESP
Types of dust collectors
1.Electrostatic precipitators(ESP)
Mechanism:
Ionizing the gas
Charging the dust particles

Transporting the particles to the collecting

tube
Neutralizing the dust particles

Removing the dust from the collecting

surface
ESP
TYPES
i. Cottrell or single stage combines
ionization and collection in a single stage
ii. Penny or Two stage ionization and
collection in different stages

Advantages:
. Large gas volumes & high collection
efficiency for small particles.
Disadvantages:
. This is a costly method
ESP
Dust collectors
2.Fabric collectors

Collection mechanism:
Impaction
Interception
Diffusion

Advantages:
can handle varying exhaust gas flow rates
& particle loading
Fabric collectors
The amount of filter area depends on:

Release characteristics of dust

Porosity of dust cake
Conc. Of dust in carrier gas stream
Type of fabric & surface
Airflow patternn within the collector
Temperature & humidity within the gas
stream
Fabric collectors
Dust collectors
3. Wet collectors
Collection mechanism:
Collect the droplets
Contact particles with water or another
liquid

Advantages:
Can handle high temperature & moisture
Dust which represent explosion or fire
hazards in the dry form can be wetted and
collected
Wet collectors
Types:
Spray dryer
Packed towers
Wet centrifugal collectors

Wet dynamic precipitator

Venturi type

Orifice type
Dust collectors
4. Dry centrifugal collectors

Collection efficiency is influenced by

size, shape, weight of the particles

Conc. Of dust & inlet velocity

Types
Gravity seperators

Inertial seperators
Cyclone collectors

High efficiency centrifugals

Cyclone filter
Inspecting the air handling
plant
1. Verification of design documentation,
including
description of installation and functions

specification of the requirements

2. Operating procedures
3. Maintenance instructions
4. Maintenance records
5. Training logs
6. Environmental records
7. Walking around the plant