Chap3firstlawthermodynamics 130703012634 Phpapp02

1
CHAPTER
MEC 451
3 Thermodynamics
Lecture Notes:
MOHD HAFIZ MOHD NOH
HAZRAN HUSAIN & MOHD SUHAIRIL
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
Shah Alam, Selangor
First Law of
Thermodynamics
For students EM 220 and EM 221 only

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY ANALYSIS
OF CLOSED SYSTEM
2
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law is usually referred to as the Law of Conservation

of Energy, i.e. energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but
rather transformed from one state to another.
The energy balance is maintained within the system being
studied/defined boundary.
The various energies associated are then being observed as
they cross the boundaries of the system.
3
Energy Balance for Closed System
Closed
Heat
System V
Work
z
Reference Plane, z = 0
or
Ein Eout E system
4
According to classical thermodynamics
Qnet Wnet E system

The total energy of the system, Esystem, is given as
E = Internal energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy

E = U + KE + PE
The change in stored energy for the system is
E U KE PE
The first law of thermodynamics for closed systems then can be
written as
Qnet Wnet U KE PE
5
If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation, the conservation of energy equation is reduced to
Qnet Wnet U
The first law of thermodynamics can be in the form of
V2 V1
2
g ( z 2 z1 )
2
qnet wnet u 2 u1
(kJ / kg )
2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net W net m u2 u1
( kJ )
2000 1000
For a constant volume process,
2
V2 V1
2
g ( z 2 z1 )

Q net W net m u2 u1
2000 1000

2
V2 V1
2
g ( z 2 z1 )

Q net m u2 u1
2000 1000
6
For a constant pressure process,
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net W net m u2 u1

2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net P (V2 V1 ) m u2 u1

2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net m u2 u1 P(V2 V1 )

2000 1000
2
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2
Q net m h2 h1
2000 1000
7
Example of Closed Systems
Rigid tank Piston cylinder
8
Example 3.1
A closed system of mass 2 kg Rearrange the equation
undergoes an adiabatic process. V2 2 V12 g ( z2 z1 )
Qnet W net m u2 u1
The work done on the system is 2000 1000

30 kJ. The velocity of the system V2 2 V12 g ( z2 z1 )
changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s. Wnet m u2 u1
2000 1000
During the process, the elevation 9.81 45
152 32
of the system increases 45 meters. 30 2u 2 2

2000 1000
Determine the change in internal
u 14.451 kJ Ans..
energy of the system.
Solution:
Energy balance,
2
V V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2
Q net W net m u2 u1 2
2000 1000
9
Example 3.2 Solution:
Steam at 1100 kPa and 92 percent State1

quality is heated in a rigid container at P1 1100 kPa, x1 0.92
until the pressure is 2000 kPa. For a v1 v f 1 x1v fg1
mass of 0.05 kg, calculate the amount 0.00113 0.92 0.17753 0.001133
of heat supply (in kJ) and the total
0.1634 mkg
3
entropy change (in kJ/kg.K).

u1 u f 1 x1u fg1
780.09 0.92 1806.3
2441.9 kL
kg
s1 s f 1 x1 s fg1
2.1792 0.92 4.3744
6.204 kgkJ.K
10
For a rigid container,

v2=v1=0.1634 m3/kg
State2 superheated
at P2 2000 kPa, v2 0.1634 mkg
3
v u s
0.15122 2945.9 7.1292
0.1634 u2 s2
0.17568 3116.9 7.4337
0.1634 0.15122
u2 2945.9 3116.9 2945.9
0.17568 0.15122
3030.42 kJ
kg
0.1634 0.15122
s2 7.1292 7.4337 7.1292
0.17568 0.15122
7.2790 kgkJ. K
11
Amount of heat supplied, Q

Q m u2 u1
0.05 3030.42 2441.9
29.43 kJ
The change in entropy, s
s s2 s1
7.2790 6.204
1.075 kgkJ.K
12
Example 3.3 Solution:

A rigid tank is divided into two equal
State1
parts by a partition. Initially one side Comp. liquid 3
P1 200 kPa,
of the tank contains 5 kg water at 200 v1 v f @ 25oC 0.001003 kg
m
T1 25o C
kPa and 25C, and the other side is
initial volume of half resevoir
evacuated. The partition is then
V1 mv
removed, and the water expands into
5 0.001003
the entire tank. The water is allowed to
; 0.005 m3
exchange heat with its surroundings
until the temperature in the tank The initial volume for entire tank
returns to the initial value of 25C.
Vresevoir 2 0.005
Determine (a) the volume of the tank
0.01 m3
(b) the final pressure (c) the heat
transfer for this process.
13
The final pressure
u1 u f @ 25oC 104.88 kJ
kg
State 2
u2 u f x2 u fg
T2 25 C
o
v 0.001003 m 3
f kg v2 v f
0.01 3 x2
v2 0.002 mkg vg 43.34 mkg
3
v fg
5
check region ! 2.3 105
104.83 2.3 10 (2304.3)
2304.9
5
v f v vg saturated mixture u2 104.88
then : P2 Psat 3.169 kPa 104.93
104.88 kJ
kg
Then :
The heat transfer for this process
Qnet 5 104.93 104.88
(104.88-104.83)
Qnet Wnet m u ke Pe 0.25 kJ

Qnet Wnet m u ke Pe
+ve sign indicates heat transfer
Qnet mu m u2 u1
into the system.
14
Supplementary Problems 1
1. Two tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A contains 2 kg of carbon
monoxide gas at 77C and 0.7 bar. Tank B holds 8 kg of the same gas
at 27C and 1.2 bar. Then the valve is opened and the gases are
allowed to mix while receiving energy via heat transfer from the
surrounding. The final equilibrium temperature is found to be 42C.
Determine (a) the final pressure (b) the amount of heat transfer. Also
state your assumption. [P2=105 kPa, Q =
+37.25 kJ]
2. A piston cylinder device contains 0.2 kg of water initially at 800 kPa

and 0.06 m3. Now 200 kJ of heat is transferred to the water while its
pressure is held constant. Determine the final temperature of the water.
Also, show the process on a T-V diagram with respect to saturation
lines.
[ 721.1oC]
15
3. A piston-cylinder device contains 6 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa
and 50oC. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it
exist as a liquid at 24oC. Show the process on T-v diagram and
determine the heat loss from the system. State any assumption made.
[1210.26
4. kJ]0.5 m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40
A
percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the
pressure reaches 800 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in
the tank and (b) the amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process
on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
[12.3 kg, 2956.2
5. kJ]
An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of
the tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 50C and 800 kPa while the
other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the gas
expands to fill the entire tank. Determine the final temperature and the
pressure in the tank.
[50C, 400 kPa] 16
Closed System First Law of a Cycle
Some thermodynamic cycle composes of processes in which

the working fluid undergoes a series of state changes such
that the final and initial states are identical.
For such system the change in internal energy of the

working fluid is zero.
The first law for a closed system operating in a

thermodynamic cycle becomes
Qnet Wnet U cycle

Qnet Wnet
17
Boundary Works
P
2
1 5
18
According to a law of P V n constant
No Value of n Process Description Result of IGL

1 isochoric constant volume (V1 = V2) P1 P2

T1 T2
2 0 isobaric constant pressure (P1 = P2) V1 V2

T1 T2
3 1 isothermal constant temperature
(T1 = T2) P1V1 P2V2
4 1<n< polytropic -none- n
n
P1 V2 T1 n 1

5 isentropic constant entropy (S1 = S2) P2 V1 T2
19
Various forms of work are expressed as follows
Process Boundary Work

isochoric W12 P(V2 V1 ) 0
isobaric W12 P(V2 V1 )
isothermal V2
W12 P1V1 ln
V1
polytropic
P2V2 P1V1
W12
isentropic 1 n
20
Example 3.4
Sketch a P-V diagram showing the following processes in a cycle
Process 1-2: isobaric work output of 10.5 kJ from an initial volume of 0.028
m3 and pressure 1.4 bar,
Process 2-3: isothermal compression, and
Process 3-1: isochoric heat transfer to its original volume of 0.028 m 3 and
pressure 1.4 bar.
Calculate (a) the maximum volume in the cycle, in m3, (b) the isothermal work,
in kJ, (c) the net work, in kJ, and (d) the heat transfer during isobaric expansion,
in kJ.
21
Solution:
Process by process analysis, The isothermal work
Section 1 2 isobaric Section 2 3 isothermal
W12 P V2 V1 10.5
2 2 PV
PV 3 3
140 V2 0.028 10.5 0.103
P3 140 515 kPa
V2 0.103 m3 0.028
V3
W23 PV2 2 ln
V2
0.028
140 0.103 ln
0.103
18.78 kJ
22
The net work
Section 3 1 isochoric
W31 0
Wnet W12 W23 W31
10.5 18.78
8.28 kJ
23
Example 3.5
A fluid at 4.15 bar is expanded reversibly according to a law PV = constant to

a pressure of 1.15 bar until it has a specific volume of 0.12 m 3/kg. It is then
cooled reversibly at a constant pressure, then is cooled at constant volume
until the pressure is 0.62 bar; and is then allowed to compress reversibly
according to a law PVn = constant back to the initial conditions. The work
done in the constant pressure is 0.525 kJ, and the mass of fluid present is 0.22
kg. Calculate the value of n in the fourth process, the net work of the cycle and
sketch the cycle on a P-V diagram.
24
Solution:
Process by process analysis,
Section 1 2 isothermal
1 1 PV
PV 2 2
115
V1 0.22 0.12
415
0.00732 m3
V2
W12 PV 1 1 ln
V1
0.0264
415 0.00732 ln
0.00732
3.895 kJ
25
Section 2 3 isobaric Section 4 1 PolytroPic

W23 P V3 V2 0.525 kJ P4 V1
n

0.525 P1 V4
V3 0.0264
115 n
62 0.00732
0.03097 m3
415 0.03097
ln 0.1494 n ln 0.2364
n 1.3182
Section 3 4 isochoric 1 1 PV
PV
W41 4 4
W34 0 1 n
415 0.0072 62 0.03097

1 1.3182
3.5124 kJ
The net work of the cycle

Wnet W12 W23 W34 W41
0.9076 kJ
26
1. A mass of 0.15 kg of air is initially exists at 2 MPa and 350 oC. The air
is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed
polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial state.
Determine the boundary work for each process and the net work of the
cycle.
2. 0.078 kg of a carbon monoxide initially exists at 130 kPa and 120 oC. The
gas is then expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100 oC.
Sketch the P-V diagram for this process. Also determine the value of n
(index) and the boundary work done during this process.
[1.248,1.855 kJ]
27
3. Two kg of air experiences the three-

process cycle shown in Fig. 3-14.
Calculate the net work.
4. A system contains 0.15 m3 of air pressure of 3.8 bars and 150 C. It is

expanded adiabatically till the pressure falls to 1.0 bar. The air is then
heated at a constant pressure till its enthalpy increases by 70 kJ.
Sketch the process on a P-V diagram and determine the total work
done.
Use cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K and cv=0.714 kJ/kg.K
28
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
MASS & ENERGY ANALYSIS

OF CONTROL VOLUME
29
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of mass is one of the most fundamental
principles in nature. We are all familiar with this
principle, and it is not difficult to understand it!
For closed system, the conservation of mass principle is

implicitly used since the mass of the system remain
constant during a process.
However, for control volume, mass can cross the

boundaries. So the amount of mass entering and leaving
the control volume must be considered.
30
Mass and Volume Flow

Rates
Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the
mass flow rate. Note the dot over the mass symbol indicates a time
rate of change. It is expressed as
m V .dA
If the fluid density and velocity are constant over the flow cross-
sectional area, the mass flow rate is
AV
m AV

1
where

is called specific voulme
31
Principal of Conservation of Mass
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be

expressed as
m&in m&out m&CV
For a steady state, steady flow process the conservation of mass

principle becomes
m&in m&out (kg/s)
32
Flow Work & The Energy of a Flowing

Fluid
As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control volume, work
done on that unit of mass is
A
W flow F dL F dL PdV Pv m
A
W flow
w flow Pv
m
33
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control

surface is the sum of the internal energy + flow work + potential
energy + kinetic energy
V2 V2
energy u P 2 gz h 2 gz
The first law for a control volume can be written as
. . . Vout
2
. Vin
2

Q net W net mout hout gzout min hin gzin
out 2 in 2
34
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

The steady state, steady flow conservation of mass and first law of
thermodynamics can be expressed in the following forms
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
qnet wnet h2 h1 (kJ / kg )
2000 1000
2
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2
Q net W net m h2 h1 ( kJ )
2000 1000
. . . V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net W net m h2 h1
(kW )
2000 1000
35
Steady-flow Engineering Devices
36
Nozzle & Diffuser

Nozzle - device that increases
the velocity fluid at the expense
of pressure.
Diffuser - device that increases
pressure of a fluid by slowing it
down.
Commonly utilized in jet
engines, rockets, space-craft
and even garden hoses.
Q = 0 (heat transfer from the
fluid to surroundings very
small
W = 0 and PE = 0
37
Energy balance (nozzle & diffuser):
. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2

Q in W in min hin gzin Q out W out mout hout
gzout
in 2 out 2
. Vin
2
. Vout
2

min hin mout hout

2 2
V1
2
V2
2

h1 h2
2 2

38
Example 3.6 Simplified energy balance:

Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300C, V12
V2 2
enters an adiabatic nozzle with h1 h2
2 2
a low velocity and leaves at 0.2
MPa with a quality of 90%. State1
Find the exit velocity. P1 0.4 MPa h1 3067.1 kJ
kg

T1 300o C sup erheated
Solution:
State 2
State1 State 2 P2 0.2 MPa h2 h f x2 h fg
P1 0.4 MPa P2 0.2 MPa
x2 0.9 h2 2486.1 kJ kg
T1 300o C x2 0.9 Exit velocity:

V1 ; 0
V2 2000 3067.1 2486.1
1078 m / s
39
Example 3.7 State1 State 2

Air at 10C and 80 kPa enters the P1 80 kPa V2 ; 0
diffuser of a jet engine steadily
T1 10o C
with a velocity of 200 m/s. The
V1 200m / s
inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2.
The air leaves the diffuser with a A1 0.4 m 2
velocity that is very small Solution:
compared with the inlet velocity. Simplified energy balance:
Determine (a) the mass flow rate 2
0
V 2
V2
h1 h2
1
of the air and (b) the temperature
2 2
of the air leaving the diffuser.
From Ideal Gas Law:
RT1
v1 1.015 mkg
3
P1
40
Mass flow rate From energy balance:

1 V12
m& V1 A1 h2 h1
v1 2000
1 2002
284.42
200 0.4 2000
1.015
304.42 kJ
78.8 kgs kg
h2
T2
Cp
Enthalpy at state 1
304.42
h1 C pT1 1.005 283
1.005
284.42 kJ
kg
302.9 K
41
Turbine & Compressor
Turbine a work producing device through the expansion of a

fluid.
Compressor (as well as pump and fan) - device used to increase
pressure of a fluid and involves work input.
Q = 0 (well insulated), PE = 0, KE = 0 (very small compare
to enthalpy).
42
Energy balance: for turbine
. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2

Q in W in min hin gzin Q out W out mout hout gzout
in 2 out 2
. . .
min hin W out mout hout
. .
W out m h1 h2
43
Energy balance: for compressor, pump and fan
. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2

Q in W in min hin gzin Q out W out mout hout gzout
in 2 out 2
. . .
W in min hin mout hout
. .
W in m h2 h1
44
Example 3.8
The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW. Compare

the magnitudes of h, ke, and pe. Then determine the work done
per unit mass of the steam flowing through the turbine and calculate
the mass flow rate of the steam.
Data : Inlet (P = 2 MPa, T = 400C,v = 50 m/s, z = 10 m)

Exit (P = 15 kPa, x = 90%, v = 180 m/s, z = 6m)
45
Solution:
From energy balance:
State 1 . . . Vin 2
Qin W in min hin gzin
p1 2 MPa sup erheated in 2

T1 400o C h1 3247.6
3248.4 kJ
.
kg . . Vout 2
State 2 Q out W out mout hout gzout
out 2
P2 15 kPa
sat. mixture Solve the equation:
x2 0.9
h2 h f 2 x2 h fg 2
h h2 h1 -887.39
885.87 kJ
225.94 0.9 (2372.3)
2373.1
kg
V2 2 V12
2361.73
2361.01 kJ
kg
KE 14.95 kJ
kg
2000
g z2 z1
PE 0.04 kJ
kg
1000
46
the work done per unit mass
V12 V2 2 g z1 z2
Wout h1 h2
2000 1000
885.87
887.39 14.95 0.04
870.96 kJ
872.48 kg
The mass flow rate
W&out 5000
m& 5.74
5.73 kgs
Wout 870.96
872.48
47
Solution:
Example 3.9
simplified energy balance:
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is
compressed steadily to 600 W&in m& h2 h1 Q&out
kPa and 400 K. The mass m& h2 h1 mq
& out
flow rate of the air is 0.02
kg/s, and a heat loss of 16 State1
kJ/kg occurs during the
P1 100 kPa air
process. Assuming the
T1 280 K h1 280.13 kJkg
changes in kinetic and
potential energies are State 2
negligible, determine the P2 600 kPa air
necessary power input to the
T2 400 K h2 400.98 kJkg
compressor.
48
Thus
W&in 0.02 400.98 280.13 16

2.74 kW
49
Throttling Valve
Flow-restricting devices that

cause a significant pressure drop
in the fluid.
Some familiar examples are

ordinary adjustable valves and
capillary tubes.
50
Example 3.10
State 1 Steam enters a throttling valve at
8000 kPa and 300C and leaves
P1 8000 kPa sup erheated at a pressure of 1600 kPa.
Determine the final temperature
T1 300 C h1 2786.5 kJkg
o
and specific volume of the
State 2 steam.
P2 1600 kPa
make int erpolation
h2 h1
P kPa T C
o vf vg hf hg
1500 198.29 0.001154 0.131710 844.55 2791
1600 T2 vf 2 vg 2 hf 2 hg 2
1750 205.72 0.001166 0.113440 878.16 2795.2
51
At state 2, the region is sat. Specific volume at state 2

mixture
v2 v f 2 x2v fg 2
T2 Tsat 201.3o C 0.0011588
Getting the quality at state 2 0.997 0.124402 0.0011588

0.1240 m3
h2 h f 2 kg
x2
hg 2 h f 2
2786.5 857.994

2792.68 857.994
0.997
52
Mixing Chamber
The section where the mixing process

takes place.
An ordinary T-elbow or a Y-elbow in

a shower, for example, serves as the
mixing chamber for the cold- and
hot-water streams.
53
Mixing Chamber
Energy Balance:
&1h1 m
m &2 h2 m
&3h3
&1h1 m
m &1 h2 m
&3 m &3 h3
&1 h1 h2 m
m &3 h3 h2
h3 h2
&1 m
m &3
h
1 h2
54
Heat Exchanger
Devices where two moving fluid

streams exchange heat without
mixing.
Heat exchangers typically involve

no work interactions (w = 0) and
negligible kinetic and potential
energy changes for each fluid
stream.
55
Solution:
Example 3.11
simplified energy balance:
Liquid sodium, flowing at 100
kg/s, enters a heat exchanger at m&s h1s m&w h1w m&s h2 s m&w h2 w
450C and exits at 350C. The m&s h1s h2 s m&w h2 w h1w
specific heat of sodium is 1.25
kJ/kg.oC. Water enters at 5000 m&s C p , s T1s T2 s m&w h2 w h1w
kPa and 20oC. Determine the
minimum mass flux of the water State 1: water
so that the water does not
P1 5000 kPa comp. liquid
completely vaporize. Neglect the
pressure drop through the T1 20o C h1w 88.61 kJ
kg
exchanger. Also, calculate the
State 2 : water
rate of heat transfer.
Assume a sat.
P2 5000 kPa vapor state to
h2 w 2794.2 kJ
kg
obtain the max.
allowable exiting
enthalpy.
56
the minimum mass flux of the water the rate of heat transfer
so that the water does not
completely vaporize
Q&w m&w h2 w h1w
ms C p , s T1s T2 s 4.62 2794.2 88.61
m&w
h2 w h1w 12.5 MW
100 1.25 450 350

2794.2 88.61
4.62 kgs
57
1. Air flows through the supersonic nozzle . The inlet conditions are 7 kPa
and 420C. The nozzle exit diameter is adjusted such that the exiting
velocity is 700 m/s. Calculate ( a ) the exit temperature, ( b )the mass flux,
and ( c ) the exit diameter. Assume an adiabatic quasiequilibrium flow.
2. Steam at 5 MPa and 400C enters a nozzle steadily velocity of 80 m/s,

and it leaves at 2 MPa and 300C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm 2,
and heat is being lost at a rate of 120 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow
rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the steam, and (c) the exit area
nozzle.
3. Steam enters a turbine at 4000 kPa and 500 oC and leaves as shown in Fig
A below. For an inlet velocity of 200 m/s, calculate the turbine power
output. ( a )Neglect any heat transfer and kinetic energy change ( b )Show
that the kinetic energy change is negligible.
58
Figure A
4. Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 60C is mixed with cold
water at 10C. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 45C
be supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing chamber to be negligible
and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 150 kPa.
5. Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant
enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70C
and leaves at 35C. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15C and
leaves at 25C. Neglecting any pressure drops, determine (a) the mass
flow rate of the cooling water required and (b) the heat transfer rate from
the refrigerant to water.
59

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For students EM 220 and EM 221 only

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

First Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law is usually referred to as the Law of Conservation

Energy Balance for Closed System

According to classical thermodynamics

Qnet Wnet E system

E = Internal energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy

For a constant pressure process,

Example of Closed Systems

Rigid tank Piston cylinder

Example 3.2 Solution:

Steam at 1100 kPa and 92 percent State1

entropy change (in kJ/kg.K).

For a rigid container,

Amount of heat supplied, Q

The change in entropy, s

Example 3.3 Solution:

The final pressure

2. A piston cylinder device contains 0.2 kg of water initially at 800 kPa

Closed System First Law of a Cycle

Some thermodynamic cycle composes of processes in which

For such system the change in internal energy of the

The first law for a closed system operating in a

Qnet Wnet U cycle

According to a law of P V n constant

No Value of n Process Description Result of IGL

Various forms of work are expressed as follows

Process Boundary Work

isobaric W12 P(V2 V1 )

Sketch a P-V diagram showing the following processes in a cycle

The net work

A fluid at 4.15 bar is expanded reversibly according to a law PV = constant to

Section 2 3 isobaric Section 4 1 PolytroPic

The net work of the cycle

3. Two kg of air experiences the three-

4. A system contains 0.15 m3 of air pressure of 3.8 bars and 150 C. It is

Use cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K and cv=0.714 kJ/kg.K

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

MASS & ENERGY ANALYSIS

For closed system, the conservation of mass principle is

However, for control volume, mass can cross the

Mass and Volume Flow

Principal of Conservation of Mass

The conservation of mass principle for a control volume can be

m&in m&out m&CV

For a steady state, steady flow process the conservation of mass

m&in m&out (kg/s)

Flow Work & The Energy of a Flowing

Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

The total energy carried by a unit of mass as it crosses the control

Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

Steady-flow Engineering Devices

Nozzle & Diffuser

Energy balance (nozzle & diffuser):

Example 3.6 Simplified energy balance:

T1 300o C x2 0.9 Exit velocity:

Example 3.7 State1 State 2

Mass flow rate From energy balance:

Turbine & Compressor

Turbine a work producing device through the expansion of a

Energy balance: for turbine