Calculus

(Differentiation)
Analytical Methods 1
Level 4

1
University of Wales Newport 2009 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License.
The following presentation is an introduction to the Algebraic Methods part one for level 4 Mathematics. This
resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales
Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full
time 1st year undergraduate programme.

The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing
the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond.
Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in todays high-tech world.
This course has been designed to provide you Contents
with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday
engineering environments. Differentiation of Sin x, Cos x, ex, ln x
Calculus
Terminology Differentiation of ex

Slope of a straight line Differentiation of ln x (natural log of x)

Slope of a tangent to a curve. Differentiation of a Product

Measuring the Slope of a curve. Differentiation of a Quotient

Velocity and Acceleration
Generalised Analysis
Maxima and Minima
The meaning of dy/dx
Locating turning points on a graph
Another rule.
Distinguishing between Maxima and Minima
Function of a function
Summary
Differentiating a function of a function
Exercises
Successive Differentiation
Credits

In addition to the resource below, there are supporting documents which should be used in combination with this resource.
Please see:
KA Stroud & DJ Booth, Engineering Mathematics, 8th Edition, Palgrave 2008.
http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/
Derive 6

Calculus Differentiation
Calculus
Calculus deals with small changes in a function, increasing
or decreasing.
Its name derives from calcula which is a small counting
stone. First introduced into the UK by Newton in the 17 th
century and at the same time in Germany by Liebnitz.
There are two main areas of calculus Differential
Calculus or Differentiation and Integral Calculus or
Integration.
Before we look at the process it is important that we
understand some of the terminology.

Calculus Differentiation 3
Terminology
Function
The area of a square (A) depends upon the length of its
side (l). We say that A is a function of l.
A falling body travels a distance (s) which is dependent
upon the length of time (t). s is a function of t.
In the equation y = 3x2 + 2x + 5 the value of (y) depends
upon the value of (x). y is a function of x.
Dependent and Independent Variables.
In the above examples the one variable is dependent upon
the value of the other. This variable is the dependent
variable. The other variable is not dependent upon the
dependent variable and is the independent variable. 4
 Terminology
In the examples:
1st l is the independent variable and A the dependent.
2nd t is the independent variable and s the dependent.
3rd x is the independent variable and y the dependent.
The Functional Notation.
The symbol (x) is used to denote function of x.
Thus if y = 3x2 + 2x + 5
We can write (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 5
If we wish to replace x by t we can say:
(t) = 3t2 + 2t + 5
If we want the solution when x = 2
(2) = 3x22 + 2x2 + 5 = 21 5
Terminology
Calculus notation for increasing functions.
If we have a function of x and we have a small increase in x
then in calculus this is denoted by x (some texts use x
both are Greek symbols for d uppercase, lowercase).
Thus for a small increase in x the value would be x + x and
a small decrease in x would give x x.
If y is a function of x and x increases to x + x, y would
increase by a corresponding small amount to y + y.

Calculus Differentiation 6
 Slope of a straight line
The graph shows a straight line graph.
y
Q P and Q are points on the
P y straight line.
R
The co-ordinates of
y
P are (x, y) and those of
x
0 x x Q are (x + x, y + y).

In the triangle PQR, PR is x and RQ is y.

The slope is QR/PR = y/x.
For a straight line this value is constant over its entire
length. It also does not depend upon the distance between
P and Q i.e. x and y. 7
Slope of a tangent to a curve.
The slope of a curve varies depending upon the point at
which it is measured. The slope at a point is the slope of a
tangent at that point.
A tangent is a straight line that touches the curve only at
that one point.
Note that the slope of
the tangent at P is
smaller than the slope
Q of the tangent at Q.
For a curve the slope
P
is related to the value
of x.
Calculus Differentiation 8
 Measuring the Slope of a curve.
Let us say we want to
know the slope at
Q point P on the curve.
P = (x, y)
y

P
We pick a point Q
x further up the curve.

The co-ordinates of Q are (x + x, y + y). The slope of

the line is therefore y/x.
From the graph we can see that this is not an accurate
value of the slope.
If we bring Q closer to P (reduce the value of x) then the
slope becomes closer to the tangent.
Calculus Differentiation 9
 Measuring the Slope of a curve.
Therefore as x 0 the slope of the line between P and Q
the slope of the tangent.
As x approaches zero the value of y/x approaches what
is called the limiting value.
We write Lim (y/x) = slope of the tangent of the curve.
x 0

Liebnitz used dy/dx as a short hand for the limit

expression.

Calculus Differentiation 10
Example
Consider the curve y = x2
Question What is the slope of the curve at x = 2?
Point P = (2, 22) = (2, 4)

x = 1 Q = (3, 9)
Slope = (y/ x) = (9 4)/(3 2) = 5
x = 0.5 Q = (2.5, 6.25)
Slope = (y/ x) = (6.25 4)/(2.5 2) = 4.5
x = 0.1 Q = (2.1, 4.41)
Slope = (y/ x) = (4.41 4)/(2.1 2) = 4.1
x = 0.01 Q = (2.01, 4.0401)
Slope = (y/ x) = (4.0401 4)/(2.01 2) = 4.01
The limiting value is 4 and so dy/dx = 4
Calculus Differentiation 11
Generalised Analysis
Consider the curve y = x2
Point P = (x, y) y = x2
Point Q = (x + x, y + y)
But y + y = (x + x)2 = x2 + 2xx + (x)2
y = x2 + 2xx + (x)2 y = x2 + 2xx + (x)2 x2
y = 2xx + (x)2
Slope = y/x = (2xx + (x)2)/x = 2x + x
As x 0 Slope 2x
Therefore dy/dx = 2x
When x = 2 slope = 4 Calculus Differentiation 12
The meaning of dy/dx
It is called the first differential coefficient of y with
respect to x.
It is the slope of the tangent to a given curve.
It is the rate of change of y with respect to x
It is possible to determine the value of dy/dx for a
polynomial using a simple rule.
RULE
If y = axn Where a and n are constants

Then dy/dx = naxn-1

Calculus Differentiation 13
Worked examples
Special Cases
y = 6x = 6x1
dy/dx = (1x6)x0 = 6
y = 7 = 7x0
dy/dx = (0x7)x-1 = 0
Differentiate the following with respect to x
1. Y = 5x3
dy/dx = (3x5)x2 = 15x2
2. Y = 4/x2 = 4x-2
dy/dx = (-2x4)x -3
= -8/x
Calculus Differentiation
3
14
Worked examples
3. Y = 4x = 4x
dy/dx = (x4)x- = 2/x

Examples
Differentiate with respect to the appropriate variable:
Y = 8x5
s = -15/t4
l = 6m

Calculus Differentiation 15
Another rule.
If terms are linked by positive or negative signs the
differential is simply the combination of the
individual differentiated terms.
e.g. if y = 5x4 + 2x2 3x
then dy/dx = 20x3 + 4x - 3
if y = 4x2 + 2x3
dy/dx = 8x + 6x2
if y = 3x4 7x3 + 2x 5
dy/dx = 12x3 21x2 + 2

Calculus Differentiation 16
 Examples
1. Find dy/dx for each of the following cases
1
(a) y 4x3 2
3
x
(b) y ( x 3) 2
5 x 3 3x 2 4
(c ) y
x2
(2 x 1)( x 3)
(d ) y
x3
2. Find the gradient of the curve y = 7x4 at the point
where x = 1
3. If y = 3x2 6x + 4, find the co-ordinates of the points
at which (i) dy/dx = 0, (ii) dy/dx = 6
Calculus Differentiation 17
Function of a function
Meaning:
Suppose y = 3(4x 2)4
Let z = 4x 2
Now y = 3z4
We can see that y is a function of z
But also we can see that z is a function of x
We can therefore say that:
y is a function of a function of x

Calculus Differentiation 18
Differentiating a function of a function
Use the example given: y = 3(4x 2)4
Once again let z = 4x 2 and y = 3z4
From the first equation: dz/dx = 4
From the second equation: dy/dz = 12z3 = 12(4x 2)3
Now dy dy dz

dx dz dx --chain rule
Using this dy/dx = 12(4x 2)3 times 4 = 48(4x 2)3
What we can say is where we have brackets, the value of
dy/dx is the differentiation of the expression taking
the brackets as an entity times the differentiation of
the inside of the brackets. 19
Calculus Differentiation
Worked examples
Differentiate with respect to x
y = 4(5x2 - 1)2
dy/dx = 8(5x2 1) times 10x
dy/dx = 80x(5x2 1)
1 1
2x 1 2x 1 2
1
y
2 2
dy 1 1
(2x 1) 2 times 2
dx 4
dy 1

dx 2 2x 1
Differentiate the following with respect to x
1
(a ) 7(3x 2x )
3 4
(b )
(3x 1)6 20
Successive Differentiation
When we have a function e.g. y = (x) and we
differentiate it, then the first differential
coefficient is written as: (x) or dy/dx
If it is differentiated again then the second differentail
coefficient is written as: (x) or d2y/dx2

Note d2y/dx2 =d/dx(dy/dx) (differentiation of

dy/dx with
respect to x.)
This is pronounced as dee two y by dee x squared.
If we differentiate a third time then we have the third
differential coefficient: (x) or d3y/dx3
This process is known as successive
Calculus Differentiation differentiation. 21
Worked Examples
1. Successively differentiate y = x3 + 2x2 1
dy/dx = 3x2 + 4x
d2y/dx2 = 6x + 4
d3y/dx3 = 6
d4y/dx4 = 0

2. If y = 3x2 + 2x3 6 find (x) and (2)

(x) = 6x + 6x2
(x) = 6 + 12x
(2) = 6 + 12(2) = 30

Calculus Differentiation 22
Examples
1. Successively differentiate
y = 5x4 2x2 + 8

2. If y = 3x3 + 2x 4
Show that
d 3y 2 d 2y dy
x 3y 30
dx 3 9 dx 2 dx

Calculus Differentiation 23
 Differentiation of Sin x, Cos x, ex, ln x
The graph below shows a sine curve (y = sin x):
At 0, slope is +ive max
0 /2, slope reduces to 0
At /2, slope is zero
/2 , slope becomes ive
At , slope max ive
- 3/2, slope reduces to 0
0 /2 3/2
2 At 3/2, slope is zero
3/2 - 2, slope increases +ively

The slope of y = sin x

is cos x
dy/dx = cos x 24
 Sin x continued
The graphs show sin x and sin 2x:
Sin x Note:
The slopes are greater
for the sin 2x curve.
This means that the
value of dy/dx will be
Sin 2x larger.

What we find is that for sin x the rate of change dy/dx

will be cos x but for sin 2x the value is 2cos 2x
Generalised result y = sin ax dy/dx = a cos ax

Calculus Differentiation 25
 Differentiation of Cos x
The graph below shows a cosine curve (y = cos x):
At 0, slope is 0
0 /2, slope increases -ively
At /2, slope is max -ive
/2 , slope reduces to 0
At , slope is 0
- 3/2, slope increases +ively
0 /2 3/2
2 At 3/2, slope is max +ive
3/2 - 2, slope reduces to 0

The slope of y = cos x

is -sin x
dy/dx = -sin x 26
 Cos x continued
The graphs show cos x and cos 2x:

Cos x
Cos 2x Note:
The slopes are greater
for the cos 2x curve.
This means that the
value of dy/dx will be
larger.

What we find is that for cos x the rate of change dy/dx

will be -sin x but for cos 2x the value is -2sin 2x
Generalised result y = cos ax dy/dx = -a sin ax

Calculus Differentiation 27
 Differentiation of ex
The graph below shows an exponential curve (y = e x):

x y
-2 0.14
-1 0.37
0 1.00
2.72 +1 2.72
+2 7.37
1

If we measure the slope at a point e.g. x = 1 then the

value we end up with is 2.72/1 = 2.72 (the value of y at
that point). This is true for all points on the curve.
If y = ex then the slope dy/dx = ex 28
 ex continued
The graphs below show curves (y = ex and e2x):

e2x When x = 1
ex = 2.72
e2x = 7.39
ex

If we measure the slope at a point e.g. x = 1 then the

value we end up with 2.72 for the ex curve and 14.78 for
the e2x curve. For the second curve this is twice the
value of the function at this point.
Generalised result y = eax dy/dx = aeax 29
 Differentiation of ln x (natural log of x)
We can work out what the equation is by using the
information we have just discovered.
y = ln x what is the value of dy/dx?
We can write y = ln x = loge x as x = ey
If we now differentiate this we get:
dx/dy = ey
But we want dy/dx so this the reciprocal of dx/dy
So dy/dx = 1/ey = 1/x
Generalised result y = ln x dy/dx = 1/x

Calculus Differentiation 30
Summary (standard derivatives)
y = f(x) dy/dx
axn naxn-1
sin ax acos ax
cos ax -asin ax
eax aeax
ln x 1/x

Note for sin and cos the angle must be in radians for
the answer to be correct.

Calculus Differentiation 31
Examples
1. Differentiate sin 5x with respect to x
2. Find dy/dx when y = cos(3x 1)
3. If y = cos(/2 3x), find dy/dx
4. If y = e3-4x, find dy/dx
5. If y = ln(8x + 5), find dy/dx
6. If y = sin8 x, find dy/dx

Calculus Differentiation 32
Differentiation of a Product
We know that 3 x 4 = 12
12 is said to be the product of 3 and 4
Likewise if y = x5 sin x then y is the product of two
functions x5 and sin x.
In order to differentiate products we must use the
following rule.
If y = u v where u and v are functions of x, then
dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx -- product rule

Calculus Differentiation 33
Worked examples
Differentiate y = x5 sin x
Always quote the rule ands say what u is and what v is.
dy/dx = u dv/dx + v du/dx u = x5 du/dx = 5x4
v = sin x dv/dx = cos x
Therefore dy/dx = x5 cos x + sin x 5x4
dy/dx = x5 cos x + 5x4 sin x
dy/dx = x4 (x cos x + 5 sin x)

Calculus Differentiation 34
Worked examples
Differentiate y = ex(x3 + 1)
dy/dx = u dv/dx + v du/dx u = ex du/dx = ex
v = x3 + 1 dv/dx = 3x2
Therefore dy/dx = ex 3x2 + (x3 + 1)ex
dy/dx = ex(x3 + 3x2 + 1)

Exercises
1. y = x4ex
2. y = 5x3 cos x
3. y = x5 ln x
4. y = (x7 3) sin x
Calculus Differentiation 35
Differentiation of a Quotient
Once again we know that 20 4 = 5
5 is said to be the quotient of 20 and 4
x2 1
Likewise if y then y is the quotient of two
2x 1
functions x2 + 1 and 2x + 1.
In order to differentiate quotients we must use the
following rule.
If y = u/v where u and v are functions of x, then
du dv
v u
dy
dx 2 dx
dx v -- quotient rule

Calculus Differentiation 36
Worked examples
x2 1
Differentiate y
2x 1
Always quote the rule ands say what is u and what is v.

dy v du u dv u = x2 + 1 du/dx = 2x
dx dx
dx v2 v = 2x + 1 dv/dx = 2
Therefore
dy (2x 1)2x (x 2 1)2

dx (2x 1)2

dy 4x 2 2x 2x 2 2 2x 2 2x 2

dx (2x 1) 2
(2x 1)2

Calculus Differentiation 37
Worked examples
e 3x
Differentiate y 3
x 1
v du u dv u = e3x du/dx = 3e3x
dy dx dx

dx v2 v = x3 + 1 dv/dx = 3x2
Therefore dy (x 3 1)3e 3x e 3x 3x 2 3e 3x (x 3 x 2 1)

dx (x 1)
3 2
(x 3 1)2
x
Exercises 1. y
sin x
3x 2 2
2. y
3x 2 2
x4
3. y 3
x 1
3 2 sin x
4. y 38
ex
 Velocity and Acceleration
If a body (e.g. a car travelling along a straight road) moves
a distance x metres in time t seconds at a constant
velocity v metres per second, then
Distance travelled x
Velocity i .e . v
time taken t

or x = vt and a graph of x against t would give the

following straight line.
x The slope of the graph is:
AC a Distance
A i .e .
BC time taken

C
B which is the velocity of
t the body 39
 Velocity and Acceleration
If a body is not moving with constant velocity, the graph
of distance travelled (x) against time (t) would be a curve,
as shown:
x
The slope of the curve (e.g. at
P) would be given by the
A
differential coefficient,
P dx/dt, and this slope
B C
represents:
a distance travelled (AB)
t
time taken (BC)
i.e. an instant velocity.

Calculus Differentiation 40
 Velocity and Acceleration
Consequentially, if we know x (the distance travelled) in
terms of t (the time taken) in the form x = (t) (i.e. x is a
function of t)
then dx/dt = V, the velocity at time t
and d2x/dt2 = a, the acceloration at any time t.
a is also given by dV/dt.
Summary
If x = (t)
Then velocity = V = dx/dt
And acceleration = a = dV/dt = d2x/dt2
Calculus Differentiation 41
 Example
The distance in metres moved by a body in time t is given
by x = t3 9t2 + 24t + 1
Find (i) V and a after t seconds and after 3 seconds
(ii) when the body comes to rest.
(iii) V when a = 12 ms-2

Solution (i)
x = t3 9t2 + 24t + 1
Velocity = V = dx/dt = 3t2 - 18t + 24
Acceleration = a = dV/dt = 6t 18
When t = 3 V = 3t2 - 18t + 24 = 3(32) 18(3) + 24 = -3ms-1
a = 6t 18 = 6(3) 18 = 0 42
 Example
Solution (ii)
The body comes to rest when the velocity V = 0.
3t2 - 18t + 24 = 0 3 t2 6t + 8 = 0
(t 2)(t 4) = 0 so at rest when t = 2seconds or 4 seconds

Solution (iii)
Time when the acceleration = 12ms-2
a = 6t 18 = 12 6t = 30 t = 5 seconds
Velocity = 3t2 - 18t + 24 = 3(52) 18(5) + 24 = 75 90 + 24
Velocity = 9ms-1 Calculus Differentiation 43
 Exercises
A body moves a distance x metres along a straight line in
time t seconds where x = 4t3 - 15t2 18t + 100
Find (a) the velocity and acceleration after t seconds
(b) the velocity and acceleration at the start
(when t = 0)
(c) the time at which the body comes to rest
(d) the velocity when the acceleration is zero
(e) how far has the body travelled when it comes
to rest.

Calculus Differentiation 44
 Maxima and Minima
We may be presented with a function of x, (x), and it may
be necessary to determine when the function reaches a
maximum or minimum value. We can do this using
differentiation.
Consider the following graphs
y
This line is said to have a
positive slope as when x
increases in value y increases
x in value, i.e., dy/dx > 0.
y
This line is said to have a
negative slope as when x
increases in value y decreases
x in value, i.e., dy/dx < 0. 45
 Locating turning points on a graph
Consider a hypothetical curve y = (x) shown in the plot
below.
y
C
A (x)

B
x

D
At the points A, B, C and D the curve turns and these are
called the turning points. If the tangents are drawn at the
turning points it can be seen that they are horizontal i.e.
zero slope or dy/dx = 0
The x values can be found by equating the first differential
to zero and solving the equation. 46
 Locating turning points on a graph
The corresponding y values can be found by using the x
values in the original function.
e.g. Locate the turning points on the curve y = 3x 2 6x + 2
Slope = dy/dx = 6x 6
Equate to zero and solve 6x 6 = 0 6x = 6 x=1
Determine value of y y = 3x2 6x + 2 = 3(1)2 6(1) + 2 = -1
Therefore the single turning point occurs at (1, -1)

Calculus Differentiation 47
 Distinguishing between Maxima and Minima
Consider the slopes just before and just after a turning
point.
Maxima As we move from points
y zero slope below the maxima to points
above the slope goes from
+ive slope -ive slope positive through zero to
negative. If we were to plot
x the slope we would have:

dy/dx
The slope of this line is
negative. So if the slope of
the slope curve is negative
x
we have a maxima
If d/dx(dy/dx) = d2y/dx2 < 0 (maxima)
48
 Distinguishing between Maxima and Minima
Minima As we move from points
y below the minima to points
above the slope goes from
+ive slope negative through zero to
-ive slope
positive. If we were to plot
zero slope x the slope we would have:

dy/dx
The slope of this line is
positive. So if the slope of
the slope curve is positive
x
we have a minima
If d/dx(dy/dx) = d2y/dx2 > 0 (minima)

Calculus Differentiation 49
 Summary
To locate and distinguish between turning points (local
maxima and local minima) the following method should
be used.
To find the location of the points
(i) Differentiate the function i.e. find dy/dx
(ii) Solve the equation dy/dx = 0
(iii) The solution will give us the x values
(iv) Substitute values of x into the original function
equation to determine corresponding values of y.

Calculus Differentiation 50
 Summary
To find the nature of each turning point
(i) Find the second derivative d2y/dx2 of the function
(ii) Substitute in the x values found in (iii) above.
(iii) If d2y/dx2 < 0, we have a maxima
if d2y/dx2 > 0, we have a minima

If you are asked to determine the maximum or minimum

value of the function, it is the y value at the
corresponding value of x.

Calculus Differentiation 51
 Worked Example 1
Find the turning points on the curve y = 2x3 + 3x2 36x + 1
and distinguish between them. Sketch the curve.
y = 2x3 + 3x2 36x + 1
To find turning points dy/dx = 6x2 + 6x 36
Equate to zero 6x2 + 6x 36 = 0
Simplify x2 + x 6 = 01 x -6 = -6
+6 -6 +3 -3 Result +3 -2
-1 +1 -2 +2 x2 + 3x 2x -6
+5 -5 +1 -1 x(x + 3) 2(x + 3)
(x 2)(x + 3)
Calculus Differentiation 52
 Worked Example 1
(x 2)(x + 3) = 0
x = 2 or x = -3
When x = 2
y = 2x3 + 3x2 36x + 1 = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 36(2) + 1
y = 16 + 12 36 + 1 = -43
One turning point is (2, -43)

When x = -3
y = 2x3 + 3x2 36x + 1 = 2(-3)3 + 3(-3)2 36(-3) + 1
y = -54 + 27 + 108 +1 = 82
One turning point is (-3, 82)
Calculus Differentiation 53
 Worked Example 1
Distinguish between maxima and minima
dy/dx = 6x2 + 6x 36
d2y/dx2 = 12x + 6
When x = 2 d2y/dx2 = 12x + 6 = 12(2) + 6 = +30 minima
When x = -3 d2y/dx2 = 12x + 6 = 12(-3) + 6 = -30 maxima

The point (2, -43) is a minima

The point (-3, 82) is a maxima

Calculus Differentiation 54
 Worked Example 1
Sketch not necessarily an accurate graph
What points do we know on the curve?
1 It has a maxima at (-3, 82)
2 It has a minima at (2, -43)
3 It crosses the y axis at 1 (x = 0)

55
 Worked Example 2
Find the maximum and minimum values of the curve
Y = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 2
dy/dx = 6x2 -30x + 36
Equate to zero 6x2 -30x + 36 = 0
x2 -5x + 6 = 0 (x 2)(x 3)=0 x = 2 or x = 3
x = 2 y = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 2 = 2(2)3 15(2)2 + 36(2) + 2
(2, 30)
x = 3 y = 2x3 15x2 + 36x + 2 = 2(3)3 15(3)2 + 36(3) + 2
(3, 29)
d2y/dx2 = 12x 30
x = 2 d2y/dx2 = 12(2) 30 = -6 (2, 30) maxima
x = 3 d2y/dx2 = 12(3) 30 = +6 (3, 29) minima
Calculus Differentiation 56
 Exercises
1. Find the maxima or minima coordinates for the
following curve: y = 3x2 6x + 2
2. Find the maxima and minima coordinates for the
following curve: y = x3 + 3x2 9x
3. Find the maxima or minima values for the following
function: y = x3 9x2 + 15x - 7
4. The bending moment M at a distance x from one end
of a beam is given by the equation:
Wx
M (L x )
2

Show that when W = 40 and L = 10, the maximum

value of M = 500
Calculus Differentiation 57
 Practical Exercises
1. A sheet of metal has the dimensions 100cm by 75 cm.
Squares are to be cut out of each corner xcm by xcm
and the sides folded up to make a tray. What size
square must be removed on each corner to maximise
the tray volume?
2. A 330ml can is to be produced from thin sheet metal.
What must its dimensions equal to minimise the area
of metal used?
3. A site has an area of 7200m2. It is bounded on one
side by a shallow river. Find the minimum length of
fencing needed to enclose this rectangular area.

Calculus Differentiation 58
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