PERIOD 3

Present by
Dexter
&
Alistair
 introduction
 A period 3 element is one of the
chemical elements in the third row (or period)
of the periodic table of the chemical elements.
 Element in period 3
 Sodium
 Magnesium
 Aluminium
 Silicon
 Phosphorus
 Sulfur
 Chlorin
 Argon
sodium
 Sodium is a metallic element with a symbol
Na (from Latin natrium )
 member of the alkali metals
 first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807
 Properties of sodium
 soluble in water
 reacts exothermically with water
 act as compounds

Sodium metal (ca. 10 g) under oil

flame test Albite (NaAlSi3O8),
a sodium-containing mineral.
Magnesium
 Magnesium is a chemical element with the
symbol Mg
 atomic number 12
 It is an alkaline earth metal
 Characteristics
 fairly strong, silvery-white, light-weight metal
 a highly flammable metal
 soluble in water
 has three stable isotopes
 act as aminerals
 as metal
 As Magnesium compounds
 Magnesim product

shavings and sharpener Magnesium firestarter

Aluminium
 Characteristics
 the boron group of chemical elements
 symbol Al and its atomic number is 13
 made from aluminium and its alloys
 Properties
 soft, durable and lightweight
 nonmagnetic and nonsparking
 Corrosion resistance
 good thermal and electrical conductor

aluminium bar
 Production and refinement

Bauxite Aluminium-bodied

Aluminium foam

Household aluminium foil

Silicon
 characteristic
 has the symbol Si and atomic number 14
 A tetravalent metalloid
 has many industrial uses
 Aplication in silicon

Silicon crystallizes Silicon powder

Purification
Silicon ingot
polycrystalline silicon rod
Phosphorus
 chemical element that has the symbol P
 atomic number 15
 component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the
phospholipids
 used in production of fertilizers
 properties
 Physical properties  Chemical properties
1. greenish glow upon 1. Chemical bonding
uniting with oxygen 2. Oxides and oxyacids
2. Allotropes
3. Radioactive isotopes

colorless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black

sulphur
 the atomic number 16 and symbol S.
 bright yellow crystalline solid
 uses are primarily in fertilizers

Sicily
Rough sulfur crystal
 Characteristics
 At room temperature, sulfur is a soft, bright-
yellow solid
 Sulfur burns with a blue flame
 viscosity in its molten state,

blood-red liquid
 Extraction and production
 Sicilian process
 Frasch process
 Production from hydrogen sulfide
 Inorganic compounds

Sulfur powder
sulfate anion, SO2−4
organic sulfur compound, dithiane.
Chlorine
 chemical element with atomic number 17 and
symbol Cl.
 a halogen, in periodic table group 17.
 As the chloride ion
 powerful oxidant and is used in bleaching
 containing molecules such as
chlorofluorocarbons
 Characteristics
 At standard temperature and pressure
 member of the salt-forming halogen series
 has a wide range of isotopes
 Category of Halide minerals

Liquid chlorine
 Production
 Electrolysis
1. Mercury cell electrolysis
2. Diaphragm cell electrolysis
3. Membrane cell electrolysis

Chlorine gas
 Industrial production

 Liquid Chlorine Analysis .

 Cooling and drying
 Compression and liquefaction

Liquid Chlorine Analysis

Argon
 represented by the symbol Ar and has
atomic number 18 .
 third element in group 18 of the periodic table
(noble gases).
 Characteristics
 soluble in water
 notable

isolation
of argon

A small piece of rapidly

melting argon ice.
 Applications
 production of liquid oxygen and liquid
nitrogen
 use as Preservative

A sample of caesium

Cylinders containing argon

 Lighting

Argon discharge tube Argon gas-discharge lamp

  
Trends across Period 3
of the Periodic Table
 Atomic radius
 decrease across the Period from left to right
 Electronegativity
 increases across the Period from left to right
 First ionisation energy
 Generally, the first ionisation energy increase
 Melting and Boiling points
 Melting points generally increase going from
sodium to silicon, then decrease going to
argon

 Boiling points generally increase going from

sodium to aluminium, then decrease to argon
 Melting point Boiling point
Element Proton number Symbol
(K) (K)
sodium 11 Na 371 1156
magnesium 12 Mg 922 1380
aluminium 13 Al 933 2740
silicon 14 Si 1683 2628
phosphorus 15 P 317 553
sulphur 16 S 392 718
chlorine 17 Cl 172 238
argon 18 Ar 84 87
Reaction of the elements with oxygen
 Reaction of the elements with oxygen

 Sodium: Burns with a yellow flame.

4Na(s)  +  O2(g)  →   2Na2O(s)
 Magnesium: Burns with a brilliant white flame.
2Mg (s)  +  O2 (g) →  2MgO (s)

 Aluminium: The aluminium needs to be finely

divided.
4Al(s)  +  3O2(g)  → 2Al2O3 (s)
 Silicon:            Si(s)  +  O2(g)  → SiO2 (s)

 Phosphorus: Burns vigorously with a brilliant

pinkish-white flame. White P inflames spontaneously
in air; red P needs heating.
4P(s)  +  5O2(g)  → P4O10 (s)

 Sulphur: Burns with a brilliant blue flame.

S(s)  +  O2(g)  → SO2(g)

 Chlorine does not react directly with oxygen.

 Reaction of the elements with chlorine
Dry chlorine is passed over the heated elements.
 Sodium:                  2Na(s)  +  Cl2(g)  → 2NaCl(s)

 Magnesium:             Mg(s)  +  Cl2(g) → MgCl2(s)

 Aluminium:            2Al(s)  +  3Cl2(g)  → 2AlCl3(s)

 Silicon:                     Si(s)  +  2Cl2(g)  →  SiCl4(l)

 Phosphorus:             2P(s)  +  3Cl2(g)  →  2PCl3(l)

 Dry chlorine is passed over heated phosphorus; heating PCl3
with excess chlorine gives PCl5, a pale yellow
solid:                           
   PCl3(l)  +  Cl2(g)  →   PCl5(s)

 Sulphur:                        2S(l)  +  Cl2(g)  →   S2Cl2(l)

 Reaction of the elements with water
 
 Sodium: The reaction is vigorous and the sodium melts and
floats on the water.
2Na(s)  +  2H2O(l)  →  2NaOH(aq)  +  H2(g)

 Magnesium: Magnesium reacts slowly with cold water to

give magnesium hydroxide, but very exothermically with
steam to give the oxide.
                        Mg(s)  +  H2O(g)  →  MgO(s)  +  H2(g)
 Aluminium: Steam is passed over the finely-divided heated
metal                   
  2Al(s)  +  3H2O(g)  →Al2O3(s)  +  3H2(g)

 Silicon, phosphorus and sulphur do not react with water.

 Chlorine: The reaction is an equilibrium.

                             Cl2(aq)  +  H2O(l) HOCl (aq)  +  HCl(aq)
question
 What element in period 3 has the highest boiling point? 

 Of the elements in the 3rd period, why is chlorine the most

non-metallic?

 In the third period, which is the most metallic and non-

metallic element ?

 Why do properties of the elements changes across a

period?
THE END