Chapter 3 Review

ioenergetics, Enzymes
and Metabolism
 Know These Terms
Energy
Capacity to do work, instability of a system
Transduction (energy)
Transformation of energy from one form to another
Exothermic
Flow of energy from the system to surroundings
Output of energy
Endothermic
Flow of energy from the surroundings to the system.
Input of energy
System
A subcomponent of the universe
Universe
Everything that is not the system.
aws of Thermodynamic

1st: Conservation
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
changed (transformed / transduced)

2nd: Direction
Events move towards states of lower energy
and greater disorder (entropy)

Entropy
Disorderedness
 Free Energy
This is the measure of energy available to do work.

Says how much energy is needed, or released, by a

system.
Indicates tendency of the system to be
spontaneous.

G change in free energy

 Coupling

The ability of an enzyme to link

an energy consuming reaction
(endergonic) with an energy
releasing reaction (exergonic)
to allow a reaction to proceed.
 Enzymes
Proteins that catalyze reactions

Without enzymes reactions would occur

too slow to sustain life

Need 3 things:
1. Substrate (molecule it binds to)
2. Active site spot for substrate to bind
3. Catalytic power
Enzymes and Reactions
V = velocity
KM = Michaelis constant
VMAX = theoretical maximum
velocity
[ ] = concentration as in [S]
Inhibition of Enzymes

1. Competitive
2. Noncompetitive
3. Irreversible
 Metabolism

Connected pathways:
Biosynthesis (using energy)
- Anabolic reactions using building
blocks to form macromolecules
Material breakdown (generating
energy)
- Catabolic reactions breakdown
macromolecules to release energy or
to form building blocks
xidation and Reductio
Oxidation is the loss of elections

Reduction is the gaining of electrons

Cellular activity is centered around the

capture of energy.

Energy is obtained from a variety of

biomolecules: proteins, carbs, nucleic
acids etc.

Oxidation of glucose provides cells with

lots of energy!
 Glycolysis
Glycolysis the breakdown of glucose

Can consume 2 ATP per glucose

molecule
Can generate 4 ATP per glucose
molecule
Enzymes of glycolysis:
- Require ATP Hexokinase
and phosphofructokinase
- Make ATP Phosphoglycerate
kinase and pyruvic kinase
Regulating Metabolism
Phosphorylation addition of phosphate
groups
- Kinase proteins that add phosphate
- Phosphatase proteins that remove
phosphate groups

Inhibition of enzymes know the different

ways enzymes can be inhibited discussed
on slide 8.

Feedback loops
GOOD LUCK!!!