The Cell: Endomembrane

System, Mitochondria,
Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton
and Extracellular components
What is
a cell?
What is an
organelle?
* Many, but
not all
organelles are
surrounded by
Prokaryotic Cells
Cellsthat do not contain
membrane-bound
organelles
most unicellular organisms
such as bacteria, do not
have membrane-bound
organelles and are
therefore called
 No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells that containing
membrane-bound organelles
Most of the multicellular
organisms we know are
made up of eukaryotic cells
and are therefore call
eukaryotes
In Eukaryotic cells, the machinery is
compartmentalized into organelles.
The compartmentalization of the cell
into membrane-bound organelles:
allow conflicting functions (i.e.
synthesis vs breakdown) and several
cellular activities to occur
simultaneously without interference
of each other
separates the DNA material of the
nucleus, mitochondria and
chlroroplasts
Structures in Eukaryotic Cell
Name Composition Function
Selective passage of
Plasma Phospholipid bilayer with
molecules into and out
Membrane embedded proteins
of the cell
Nuclear envelope
surrounding Storage of genetic
Nucleus
nucleoplasm, chromatin, information
RNA and proteins
Concentrated area of
Nucleolus chromatin, RNA and Ribosomal formation
proteins
Protein and RNS in two
Ribosome Protein Synthesis
sub units
Synthesis and/or
modification of proteins
Endoplasmic Membranous saccules
and other substances
reticulum (ER) and canals
and transport by vesicle
formation
Rough ER Studded with Protein synthesis
 Processing,
Golgi Stack of membranous packaging and
Apparatus saccules distributing
molecules
Storage and
Vacuole and
Membranous sacs transport of
vesicles
substances
Membranous vesicle
Intracellular
Lysosome containing digestive
digestion
enzymes
Inner membrane
Mitochondrion (cristae) within outer Cellular respiration
membrane
Shape of cell and
Microtubules and actin
Cytoskeleton movement of its
filaments
parts
Cilia and Movement of the
Flagella cell
Formation of basal
Centriole
 Cell
structures,
like this
team, work
together
Plasma Membrane
The flexible boundary between the
cell and its environment
Homeostasis the process of
maintaining balance in the cells
environment

How does the plasma membrane

maintain homeostasis?
Selective permeability a process
in which a membrane allows some
molecules to pass through while
Plasma Membrane
Composed of a phospholipid
bilayer, which has two layers
of phospholipid back-to-back
Phospholipid has a
glycerol backbone, two fatty
acid chains and a phosphate
group
Fatty acid tails
forming the interior of
the membrane and
the phospholipid head
facing the watery
environments found
inside and outside the
Plama membrane
Other Components of the Plasma
Membrane
Cholesterol is also found in the
plasma membrane where it helps to
stabilize the phospholipids by
preventing their fatty acid tails from
sticking together
Transport Proteins move needed
substances or waste materials
through the plasma membrane
Cell Wall
Is a fairly rigid structure located
outside the plasma membrane
that provides additional
support and protection
Forms an inflexible barrier
the protects the cell and gives
it support.
Unlike the plasma membrane, it
does not select which
The Nucleus
The central membrane-bound
organelle that manages or controls
the cellular functions
Chromatin strands of the
genetic material, DNA
- Where the master set of directions
in making proteins is contained
Nucleulous makes ribosmes
Nuclear envelope a
structure that separate the
nucleus from the cytoplasm
- Is a double membrane
made up of two
phospholipid bilayers
containing small nuclear
pores for substances to pass
Ribosomes
Are the sites where the cells
produces proteins according
to the directions of DNA
site of protein synthesis
Not bound by membrane,
there are simple structures
made of RNA and protein
Cytoplasm
Theclear gelatinous fluid inside
the a cell
Endomembrane System
Consists of the nuclear
envelope, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes
and vesicles
This system
compartmentalizes to the
particular enzymatic
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Is the site of cellular chemical reactions
Is arranged in a highly folded membranes
in the cytoplasm
A large amount of folded ER is available
to do work in a small space
Each protein made in the ER has a
particular function:
A protein that forms a part of the plasma
membrane
A protein that is released from the cell
Protein that are transported to other
Smooth ER
Areas of the ER that are not
studded with Ribosomes
Involved in numerous
biochemical activities, including
the production and storage of
lipids
Rough ER
Studded with ribosmes
Synthesize proteins and
Golgi apparatus
Isa flattened stack of tubular
membranes that modifies the
proteins (and lipids from the
ER)
sorts proteins into packages
packs them into membrane-
bound structures , called
vesicles, to be sent to the
appropriate destinations
Involve in processing, packaging,
Vacuoles
Membrane bound
compartments for temporary
storage of materials
Used to store food, enzymes,
and other materials needed
by a cell, some store waste
materials
Lysosome
Organelles that contain
digestive enzyme
They digest excess or worn
out organelles, food particles,
and engulfed viruses or
bacteria
* the membrane that surrounding a
lysosome prevents the digestive
enzyme inside from destroying the cell
Energy Transformers
Chloroplasts
cell organelles
that capture light
energy and
convert it to
Mitochondria
Are membrane-bound organelles
in plant and animals that
transform energy for the cell
Has an outer membrane and a
highly folded inner membrane
As with the ER and chloroplast,
the folds of the inner membrane
provide large surface area that
fits in a small space
Cytoskeleton
Support structure within
the cytoplasm
It forms a framework for
the cell
The cytoskeleton is
constantly changing
structures
Centrioles
Organelles found in the cell
of animals and most
protists
Occur in pairs and are
made up of microtubules
Plays an important role in
cell division
Cilia and Fagella
Organelles made of microtubules
that aid the cell in the locomotion
or feeding
Cilia
Short, numerous projections that
look like hairs
Flagella
Are longer projection that
move with a whip-like motion