CHAP 2 BAR & TRUSS FINITE ELEMENT

Direct Stiffness Method

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Nam-Ho Kim

1
 INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
What is the finite element method (FEM)?
A technique for obtaining approximate solutions of differential
equations.
Partition of the domain into a set of simple shapes (element)
Approximate the solution using piecewise polynomials within the
element
F

Structure
Fi
xe
d Piecewise-Linear Approximation
u
Element

x
2
 INTRODUCTION TO FEM cont.
How to discretize the domain?
Using simple shapes (element)

All elements
5 are
6 connected
7 8using nodes.
Nodes
1 2 3 Elements

1 2 3 4

Solution at Element 1 is described using the values at Nodes 1, 2, 6,

and 5 (Interpolation).
Elements 1 and 2 share the solution at Nodes 2 and 6.
3
 INTRODUCTION TO FEM cont.
Methods
Direct method: Easy to understand, limited to 1D problems
Variational method
Weighted residual method

Objectives
Determine displacements, forces, and supporting reactions
Will consider only static problem

4
 1-D SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
F2
F4
1 2
2 6
3
4 5
1 5
3
4 F3

Bodies move only in horizontal direction

External forces, F2, F3, and F4, are applied
No need to discretize the system (it is already discretized!)
Rigid body (including walls) NODE
Spring ELEMENT

5
 SPRING ELEMENT
Element e
Consist of Nodes i and j e
ui , fi(e) uj , fj(e)
Spring constant k(e)
i j
Force applied to the nodes: e e
fi ,f j
Displacement ui and uj
Elongation: (e) u u
j i

P k k u j ui
Force in the spring: e e e e

Relation b/w spring force and nodal forces: e

f j P
e

Equilibrium: e
fi fj 0 or fi f j
e e e

6
 SPRING ELEMENT cont.
Spring Element e
Relation between nodal forces and displacements

fi
e
u u
k
e
i j
k e

k u i
e

fi(e)
(e)
e e u
f k u u k k j f j
e e
j i j

u f (e)
i

k (e)
(e) i

Matrix notation: u j f j

[k (e) ] q(e) f (e)

k: stiffness matrix k q f

q: vector of DOFs
f: vector of element forces

7
 SPRING ELEMENT cont.
Stiffness matrix
It is square as it relates to the same number of forces as the
displacements.
It is symmetric.
It is singular, i.e., determinant is equal to zero and it cannot be
inverted.
It is positive semi-definite
Observation
For given nodal displacements, nodal forces can be calculated by

[k (e) ] q(e) f (e)

For given nodal forces, nodal displacements cannot be determined

uniquely

8
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS
F
cont.
2
F4
1 2
Element equation 2 6
and assembly 1
3
4 5
5
3
4 F3

k1 k1 0 0 0 u1 f1(1)
k u (1)
k1 0 0 0 2 f2
k1 k1 u1 f1(1) 1
k u (1) 0 0 0 0 0 u3 0
1 k 1 2 f2 u 0
0 0 0 0 0
4
0 0 0 0 0 u5 0

k1 k1 0 0 0 u 1 f1(1)
k k k u
0 k 2 0 f2(1) f2(2)
k2 k 2 u2 f2(2) 1 1 2
2

k (2) 0 0 0 0 0 u3 0
k 2 u4 f4 u f4(2)
2
0 k 2 0 k2 0
4
0 0 0 0 0 u5 0
9
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS cont.
k1 k1 0 0 0 u1 f1(1)
k k k k u
k 3 k 2 0 f (1)
f (2)
f (3)

1 1 2 3 2 2 2 2
k3 k 3 u2 f2(3) (3)
k (3) 0 k 3 k3 0 0 u3 f3
k 3 u3 f3 u
3
0 k 2 0 k2 0 f4(2)
4
0 0 0 0 0 u5 0

k1 k 4 k1 k 4 0 0 u 1 f1(1) f1( 4)
k u
k1 k 2 k 3 k 3 k 2 0 f2(1) f2(2) f2(3)
2
1
k4 k 4 u 1 f1(4)
k (4) k 4 k 3 k3 k 4 0 0 u3 f3(3) f3( 4)
k 4 u3 f3 u
k 2 f4(2)
4
0 0 k2 0
4
0 0 0 0 0 u5 0
k5 k 5 u3 f (5)

k

3

5 k 5 u4 f
(5)
4

k1 k 4 k1 k 4 0 0 u 1 f1(1) f1( 4)
k u
k1 k 2 k 3 k 3 k 2 0 f2(1) f2(2 ) f2(3)
2
1

k 4 k 3 k3 k 4 k5 k 5 0 u3 f3( 3 ) f3( 4) f3(5)
u
0 k 2 k 5 k2 k5 0 f4(2) f4(5)
4
0 0 0 0 0 u5 0
10
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS cont.
k6 k 6 u4 f4(6)
k (6)
6 k 6 u5 f5

k1 k 4 k1 k 4 0 0 u1 f1(1) f1( 4 )
k
k1 k 2 k 3 k 3 k 2 0 u
f2(1) f2(2) f2(3)
1
2

k 4 k 3 k3 k5 k 4 k 5 0 u3 f3(3) f3( 4 ) f3(5)
u
0 k 2 k 5 k2 k5 k6 k 6 f4( 2) f4(5) f4(6)
4
0 0 0 k 6 k 6 u5 ( 6)
f5

F2
F4
1 2
2 6
3
4 5
1 5
3
4 F3

11
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS cont.
F2
F4
Relation b/w element 1 2
2
forces and external force 3
4
6
5
1
Force equilibrium 5
3
ie 4 F3
Fi fi e
0
e 1
ie f3(3) f3(5)
Fi fi , i 1,...ND
e

e 1
3
f3(4) F3
At each node, the summation of
element forces is equal to
the applied, external force f1(1) f1(4) R 1
F
f2(1) f2(2) f2(3)

2

f3(3) f3(4) f3(5) F3
f4(2) f4(5) f4(6) F
4
(6)
f5 R5
12
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS cont.
Assembled System of Matrix Equation:
k1 k 4 k1 k 4 0 0 u1 R1
k k1 k 2 k 3 k 3 k 2 0 u F2
1
2

k 4 k 3 k3 k5 k 4 k 5 0 u3 F3
u F
0 k 2 k 5 k2 k5 k6 k 6
4 4
0 0 0 k 6 k 6 u5 R5

[K s ]{Q s } {Fs }
[Ks] is square, symmetric, singular and positive semi-definite.
When displacement is known, force is unknown
u1 u5 0 R1 and R5 are unknown reaction forces

13
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS cont.
Imposing Boundary Conditions
Ignore the equations for which the RHS forces are unknown and strike
out the corresponding rows in [Ks].
Eliminate the columns in [Ks] that multiply into zero values of
displacements of the boundary nodes.

k1 k 4 k1 k 4 0 0 u1 R1
k k1 k 2 k 3 k 3 k 2 0 u F2
1
2

k 4 k 3 k3 k5 k 4 k 5 0 u3 F3
u F
0 k 2 k 5 k2 k5 k6 k 6
4 4
0 0 0 k 6 k 6 u5 R5

14
 SYSTEM OF SPRINGS cont.
Global Matrix Equation
k1 k 2 k 3 k 3 k 2 u2 F2

k 3 k3 k 4 k5 k 5 u3 F3

k 2 k 5 k 2 k 5 k 6 u F
4 4

[K ]{Q } {F}

Global Stiffness Matrix [K]

square, symmetric and positive definite and hence non-singular
Solution
{Q } [K ]1 {F}
Once nodal displacements are obtained, spring forces can be
calculated from

P
e
k
e e
k
e
u j ui
15
 UNIAXIAL BAR
For general uniaxial bar, we need to divide the bar into a set
of elements and nodes
Elements are connected by sharing a node
Forces are applied at the nodes (distributed load must be
converted to the equivalent nodal forces)
Assemble all elements in the same way with the system of
springs
Solve the matrix equation p(x) F x
for nodal displacements
Calculate stress and strain Statically indeterminate
using nodal displacements p(x)
F

Statically determinate

16
 1D BAR ELEMENT
Two-force member
Only constant
cross-section
Element force is
proportional to (e) Node i
relative displ fi K=EA/L
Node j fj(e)
First node: i
ui uj
second code: j
Force-displacement relation
(e)
AE
fi(e) (ui u j )
L Similar to the spring element
(e)
AE
f j(e) fi(e) (u j ui )
L

17
 1D BAR ELEMENT cont.
fi(e) Node i K=EA/L
Node j fj(e)
Matrix notation
ui uj
fi(e) AE
(e)
1 1 u i
(e)
f
j L 1 1 u j {f (e) } [k (e) ]{q(e) }

Either force or displacement (not both) must be given at each node.

Example: ui = 0 and fj = 100 N.
What happens when fi and fj are given?
Nodal equilibrium
Equilibrium
Fi fi(e) fof
(e forces
1)
0 acting on Node
fi(e) Ifi(e 1) Fi
i

Fi
ie
fi(e)
i f
InFgeneral (e) fi(e+1)
i Element e Element e+1
e 1
Node i 18
 1D BAR ELEMENT cont.
Assembly
Similar process as spring elements
Replace all internal nodal forces with External Applied Nodal Force
Obtain system of equations
[Ks]: Structural stiffness matrix
[K s ]{Q s } {Fs }
{Qs} Vector of nodal DOFs
{Fs}: Vector of applied forces
Property of [Ks]
Square, symmetric, positive semi-definite, singular, non-negative
diagonal terms
Applying boundary conditions
Remove rigid-body motion be fixing DOFs
Striking-the-nodes and striking-the-columns (Refer to sprint elements)

[K]: Global stiffness matrix

[K ]{Q } {F}
{Q} Vector of unknown nodal DOFs
{F}: Vector of known applied forces
19
 1D BAR ELEMENT cont.
Applying boundary conditions cont.
[K] is square, symmetric, positive definite, non-singular, invertible, and
positive diagonal terms
Can obtain unique {Q}
Element forces
After solving nodal displacements, the element force can be calculated
(e)
AE Pi(e) AE
(e)
1 1 u i
P (e)

L
u u f
j i
(e)
j
(e)


Pj L 1 1 u j
P(e)
(e) Note Pi = Pj
Element stress A
Reaction Forces
Use [Ks]{Qs} = {Fs}: the rows that have been deleted (strike-the-rows)
Or, use i e

Fi fi(e)
e 1

20
 EXAMPLE
3 elements and 4 nodes
K2
At node 2:
F1 K1 Element 2
F2 f2(1) f2(2) f2(3) Element 1 K3
Element 3
x
Equation for each element:

f1(1) K1 K 1 u1
(1) K2
f2 K 1 K 1 u2 Element 2 N3 F3
N1 K1 u3
F1 N2
f
(2)
K2 K 2 u2 u2

2
Element 1 N4 F4
(2)
f
3 K 2 K 2 u3 u1 Element 3
K3 u4
f (3)
K3 K 3 u2

2

f
(3)
4 K 3 K 3 u4

21
 EXAMPLE cont.
How can we combine different element equations? (Assembly)
First, prepare global matrix equation:

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 Displacement vector


0 0 0 0 0 0
Stiffness matrix
0 0 0 0 0 0
Applied force vector

f
(1)
Write the1 equation K1 of element
K1 0 01 in uthe
1 corresponding location K2
Element 2 N F3
(1) K
K1 0 0 u2
3

f2 F
N 1 K N u3
1 1 1 2
Element 1
u2

0 0 0 0 0
3 u u Element 3
4N F4

0 0 0 0 0 u4 K3
u4

22
 EXAMPLE cont.
Write the equation of element 2:
K2
0 0 0 0 0 u1 Element 2 N3 F3
f2(2) 0 K2 K 2 0 u2 F1
N1 K1 N2 u3
u2
Element 1 N4 F4

f3(2) 0 K 2 K2 0 u3 u1 Element 3

K3 u4
0 0 0 0 0 u 4

Combine f1(1) two equations
K1 Kof1 elements 0 0 1 and u1 2
(1) (2) K K K K 0 u
f2 f2 2
(2)
1 1 2 2

f3 0 K 2 K 2 0 u3

0 0 0 0 0 u 4

23
 EXAMPLE cont.
Write the equation of element 3

0 0 0 0 0 u1 K2
f (3) 0 K 0 K 3 u Element 2 N3 F3
2 2

3 N1 K1 u3
F1 N2
u2
0 0 0 0 0 u3
Element 1 N4 F4

f4(3) u1 Element 3
0 K 3 0 K 3 u4 K3 u4

F 1
Combine with fother
1
(1)

two K1
elements K1 0 0 u1
F (1) (2) (3) K (K K K ) K
2 f2 f2 f2 K 3 u2
1 1 2 3 2

F
3 f3
(2)
0 K 2 K2 0 u3
F4 3 u4
f4(3) 0 K 3 0 K

Structural Stiffness Matrix

24
 EXAMPLE cont.
Substitute boundary conditions and solve for the unknown
displacements.
Let K1 = 50 N/cm, K2 = 30 N/cm, K3 = 70 N/cm and f1 = 40 N.

F 1 50 50 0 0 u1
F 50 (50 30 70) 30 70 u
2 2

3F 0 30 30 0 u3
F4
0 70 0 70 u4

Knowns: F1, F2, u3, and u4

40 50 50 0 0 u1
Unknowns:
0 50 F3, F4, u1, and u2
(50 30 70) 30 70 u2

F3 0 30 30 0 0
F4
0 70 0 70 0
25
 EXAMPLE cont.
Remove zero-displacement columns: u3 and u4.

40 50 50
0 50 150 u 1


F3 0 30 u 2
F4
0 70

50 force
40 unknown
Remove 50 rows:
u 1 F3 and F4.

0 50 150 u2

u1 1.2 cm
u2 0.4 cm
Now, the matrix should not be singular. F3 0u1 30u2 12 N
Solve for u1 and u2.
F4 0u1 70u2 28 N

Using u1 and u2, Solve for F3 and F4. 26

 EXAMPLE cont.
Recover element data Element
force
f1(1) K1 K1 u1 50 50
1.2 40
(1)
f
2 K 1 K 1 u
2 50 50 0.4 40

f2(2) K2 K 2 u2 30 30
0.4 12
(2)
f3 K 2 K 2 u3 30 30 0.0 12

f2(3) K3 K 3 u2 70 70
0.4 28
(3) K
f
4 3 K 3 u4 70 70
0.0 28

K2 -12 N

F1 = 40 N K1
0.4 cm
-28 N
1.2 cm
K3

27
 EXAMPLE
Statically indeterminate bars A B C
E = 100 GPa
RL F RR
F = 10,000 N
A1 = 104 m2, A2 = 2104 m2 0.25 m 0.4 m
Element stiffness matrices:
1011 10 4 1 1 7 4 4 u1
[k ]
(1)
1 1 10 4 4 u
0.25 2

1011 2 10 4 1 1 7 5 5 u2
[k ]
(2)
1 1 10 5 5 u
0.4 3
Assembly

4 4 0 u1 F1

107 4 9 5 u 2 10,000

0 5 5 u3
F3

28
 EXAMPLE cont.
Applying BC
107 9 u2 10,000 u2 1.11 10 4 m

Element forces or Element stresses

AE
P
L
u j ui

P(1) 4 107 u 2 u1 4,444N
P(2) 5 107 u3 u2 5,556N

Reaction forces

RL P(1) 4,444N
RR P(2) 5,556N

29
 PLANE TRUSS ELEMENT
What is the difference between 1D and 2D finite elements?
2D element can move x- and y-direction (2 DOFs per node).
However, the stiffness can be applied only axial direction.
Local Coordinate System 50 N
1D FE formulation can be used
if a body-fixed local coordinate system
is constructed along the length of y x 8 cm
the element
The global coordinate system Y
(X and Y axes) is chosen to 12 cm
represent the entire structure X
The local coordinate system (x and y axes)
is selected to align the x-axis along the length
of the element

f1x EA 1 1 u1
1 1
f
2 x L u2
30
 PLANE TRUSS ELEMENT cont.
Element Equation (Local Coordinate System)
Axial direction is the local x-axis.
2D element equation y
Local coordinates
v2 u2 f2x
f1x 1 0 1 0 u1
f v
1y EA 0 0 0 0 1
y x

2
v1
u1
f2x L 1 0 1 0 u2
f2y
0 0 0 0 v2 1 Global coordinates
f1x
{ f } [k ]{q} x

[k ]

is square, symmetric, positive semi-definite, and non-negative

diagonal components.
How to connect to the neighboring elements?
Cannot connect to other elements because LCS is different
31
 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
Transform to the global coord. and assemble

u 1 cos sin u1 v
v
v
1 sin cos v1 u

u2 cos sin u2
sin cos v u
v
2 2

Transformation matrix

u1 cos sin 0 0 u1
sin cos
1 v 0 0 v1 {q} [T ]{q}

u2 0 0 cos sin u2
v2
0 0 sin cos { v2
{ Transformation matrix
local global

32
 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION cont.
The same transformation for force vector
f1x cos sin 0 0 f1x
f sin cos f
1y 0 0 1y
{ f } [T ]{f }
f
2x 0 0 cos sin f2x
f2y f2y
{ 0 0 sin cos {
local global

Property of transformation matrix

[ T ] 1 [ T ] T { f } [T ]{f } { f } [ T ]T { f }

33
 ELEMENT STIFFNESS IN GLOBAL COORD.
Element 1
y
v2
f1x u1 u2
1 0 1 0 f2x
f
1y EA 0 0 0 0 v1 v1
u1 K N2
f
2x L 1 0 1 0 u2
f2y
0 0 0 0 v 2
1 4 4 42 4 4 43 N1
element stiffness matrix f1x
x
{ f } [k ]{q}
Transform to the global coordinates

[T ]{f } [k ][T ]{q} {{f } [T ]1[k ][T ] {{q}

global global

[k ] [T ]1[k ][T ] {f } [k ]{q}

34
 ELEMENT STIFFNESS IN GLOBAL COORD. cont.
Element stiffness matrix in global coordinates
[k ] T [k ] T
T

cos2 cos sin cos2 cos sin

EA cos sin sin2 cos sin sin2
[ k]
L cos2 cos sin cos2 cos sin

cos sin sin2 cos sin sin2

Depends on Youngs modulus (E), cross-sectional area (A), length (L),

and angle of rotation ()
Axial rigidity = EA
Square, symmetric, positive semi-definite, singular, and non-negative
diagonal terms

35
 EXAMPLE N2
50 N

Two-bar truss
Diameter = 0.25 cm Element 1
E = 30106 N/cm2 8 cm

Element 2
Element 1
N1 N3
In local coordinate
12 cm
{ f (1) } [k (1) ]{q(1) }

f1x 1 0 1 0 u1 y
f v2
0
u2 f2x
1y EA 0 0 0 v1

f2x L 1 0 1 0 u2 v1
u1 K N2
f2y 0 0 0 0 v2 1 = 33.7o
1

N1 E = 30 x 106 N/cm2
f1x A = r2 = 0.049 cm2
L = 14.4 cm x
36
 EXAMPLE cont.
Element 1 cont.
Element equation in the global coordinates

f1x(1) 0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u1

(1)
f1y 0.462 0.308 0.462 0.308 v1
(1) 102150 {f (1) } [k (1) ]{q (1) }
f2x 0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u2
f2y
(1)
0.462 0.308 0.462 0.308 v 2
y f2x

Element 2 N2 v2
2 = 90o 2
f2x
(2)
0 0 0 0 u 2 E = 30 x 106 N/cm2 u2
(2) A = r2 = 0.049 cm2 K
f2y 0 1 0 1 v2
(2) 184125 L = 8 cm
f3x 0 0 0 0 u3
N3 x
f3y
(2) 0 1 0 1 v 3
v3
f3x
u3
37
 EXAMPLE cont.
Assembly
After transforming to the global coordinates Element 1

F1x 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u1

F 47193 31462 47193 31462
1y 0 0 1 v

F2x 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u2

F2y 47193 31462 47193 215587 0 184125 v2
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 u3
3x

F3y 0 0 0 184125 0 184125 v 3

Element 2
Boundary Conditions
Nodes 1 and 3 are fixed.
Node 2 has known applied forces: F2x = 50 N, F2y = 0 N

38
 EXAMPLE cont.
Boundary conditions (striking-the-columns)

F1x 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 0

F
47193 31462 47193 31462 0 0 0
1y

50 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u2

0 47193 31462 47193 215587 0 184125 v 2
F3x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F3y 0 0 0 184125 0 184125 0

Striking-the-rows
50 70687 47193 u2
47193 215587 v
0
2
Solve the global matrix equation
u2 8.28 10 4 cm
v 2 1.81 10 4 cm
39
 EXAMPLE cont.
Support reactions
F1x 70687 47193 50
F 47193 31462
1y 8.28 10 4
33.39


4 N
F3x 0 0 1.81 10 0
F3y
0 184125 33.39
The reaction force is parallel to the element length (two-force member)
Element force and stress (Element 1)
Need to transform to the element local coordinates

u1 .832 .555 0 0 0 0
v .555 .832 0 0 0 0
1

u2 0 0 .832 .555 u2 5.89 10 4
v 2
0 0 .555 .832 v 2 6.11 10
4

40
 EXAMPLE cont.
Element force and stress (Element 1) cont.
Element force can only be calculated using local element equation

f1x 1 0 1 0 0 60.2
f
1y EA 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 N
f2x L 1 0 1 0 5.89 10 60.2
f2y
0 0 0 0 6.11 10 4 0

There is no force components in the local y-direction

In x-direction, two forces are equal and opposite
The force in the second node is equal to the element force
Normal stress = 60.2 / 0.049 = 1228 N/cm2.

60.2 N 60.2 N
1 2
41
OTHER WAY OF ELEMENT FORCE CALCULATION
Element force for plane truss
(e) (e)
AE AE

P(e)
L
(e)
L
u u
j i

Write in terms of global displacements

(e)

P(e)


AE
L
lu mv lu mv
j j i i
l cos
(e)

AE
L
l u j ui m v j v i m sin

42
 EXAMPLE
2
Directly assembling global matrix equation
2 F
(applying BC in the element level)
45
Element property & direction cosine table
Elem AE/L i -> j l = cos m = sin 3 1
1
1 206105 1 -> 3 -30 0.866 0.5
4 3
2 206105 1 -> 2 90 0 1
3 206105 1 -> 4 210 0.866 0.5
Since u3 and v3 will be deleted after assembly, it is not
necessary to keep them
u1 v1 u3 v3
l2 lm l2 lm u1 u1 v1
(1)
EA lm m
2
lm m2 v1 EA
(1)
l2 lm u1
k
(1)
k
L
(1)
l2 lm l2 lm u3 2
L lm m v1
lm m
2
lm m2 v 3

43
 SPACE TRUSS ELEMENT
A similar extension using coordinate transformation

Y v2 u
3DOF per node 2 f2x
u, v, and w w2
N2
fx, fy, and fz v1 u Y K
1 X
w1 Z
Element stiffness
N1
matrix is 6x6 f1x
X

Z
FE equation in the local coord.

fix AE 1 1 ui
1 1 u { f } [k ]{q}
f
jx L j
44
 SPACE TRUSS ELEMENT cont.
Relation between local and global displacements
Each node has 3 DOFs (ui, vi, wi)
u i
v
i
u i l m n 0 0 0 w i {q} [T ] {q}
u (2 1) (2 6) (6 1)
u
j 0 0 0 l m n j
v j

w j
Direction cosines

x j xi y j yi z j zi
l cos x , m cos y , n cos z
L L L

x x i y j y i z j zi
2 2 2
L j

45
 SPACE TRUSS ELEMENT cont.
Relation between local and global force vectors
fix l 0
f m 0
iy
fiz n 0 fix

f { f } [ T ]T { f }
0 l f
jx
jx
f jy 0 m

fjz 0 n
Stiffness matrix
{ f } [k ]{q} [T]T { f } [T]T [k ][ T]{q} {f } [k ]{q}

l2 ui
lm ln l2 lm ln
vi
m2 mn lm m2 mn
EA n2 ln mn n2 wi
[k ] [k ] [T ]T [k ][T ]
L l2 lm ln uj
sym m2 mn vj

n2 wj
46
 THERMAL STRESSES
Temperature change causes thermal strain
L L L

No stress, no strain No stress, thermal strain

Thermal stress, no strain

(a) at T = Tref (b) at T = Tref + T

Constraints cause thermal stresses

Thermo-elastic stress-strain relationship

= E T
= + T
E

Thermal expansion coefficient

47
 THERMAL STRESSES cont.
Force-displacement relation
L L
P = AE T AE AET
L L
Finite element equation ui
1
Thermal force vector
0 vi
{ f (e) } [k (e) ]{q(e) } { fT(e) }
{ fT } AET
(e)
uj
1
For plane truss, transform to the global coord. 0 vj

{ f } [k ]{q} { fT } ui
l
m vi

{ fT } AET
uj
[k ]{q} {f } { fT } l
m vj

[K s ]{Q s } {Fs } {FTs }

48
 EXAMPLE 3
z
Space truss
Node x y z
E3
2
1 0 0 0 E2
2 0 1 1 y
3 0 1 1 4
4 1 0 1 E1
1
Elem EA/L i -> j l m n 10,000N
1 35 2 105 1 -> 4 1/ 2 0 1/ 2
2
x
35 2 105 2 -> 4 1/ 2 1/ 2 0
3 35 2 105 3 -> 4 1/ 2 1/ 2 0

l2 ui
lm ln l2 lm ln
vi
m2 mn lm m2 mn
EA n2 ln mn n2 wi
[ k]
L l2 lm ln uj
sym m2 mn vj

n2 wj
49
 Project 1
Fully-stressed design of a ten-bar truss
Most efficient usage of material = all members are at yield stress
Modify cross-sectional areas (individually) to minimize weight

old
e
e
A old
e
A new
allowable

e

b b
Parameters Values 5 1 3 2 1
Dimension, b 360 inches
Safety factor, SF 1.5 8 1
Load, P1 66.67 kips 0
Load, P2 66.67 kips 6
y 5 b
9
Density, 0.1 lb/in3 7
Youngs modulus, E 104 ksi
Allowable stress, 25 ksi* 3 4
Initial area 1.0 in2
Min. CS area 0.1 in2 6 x 4 2

*for Element 9, allowable stress is 75 ksi P1 P2

50
 PROJECT 1 cont.
Schedule: Project due: 2/23 (Wed)
Submission: Submit report (Word or PDF file, Max 10 pages), CAE file
and/or programs by 1:55 PM in Sakai (penalty for late submission)
Report
Formal report, including title, summary, introduction, approach, results,
discussion, appendix (input file, programs), and/or references
What to include in the report
Use the same definition of nodes and elements in the problem
definition. (You need to interpret your Abaqus results accordingly)
Plot of overlapped undeformed and deformed geometry with stress
contour
FE analysis results (tables) for initial design (nodal displacements and
element stresses, S11)
Your methodology for design updates (algorithms or flowchart, etc)
Fully-stressed design (cross-sectional areas and stress of each
element, use tables)
Discussions (what you learned through the project) 51
 PROJECT 1
Analysis and Design of Plane Truss
E = 100 GPA, A = 1.0 cm2, L = 0.3 m or 0.3 2 m

2 7 4 8 6 9 8 10 10 11 12 12 14
y
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3 5 7 9 11 13

Apply axial loading, transverse shear, and bending loads

Calculate equivalent axial rigidity, flexural rigidity, and shear rigidity
Use average deflection of Nodes 13 and 14
FxL F L3
F L CL 2
utip v tip y
y
v tip
eq
EA 3 EI
eq
GA
eq
2 EIeq

52