By B. V. Kadam
[1] Lathe
Machine-tool construction
is a typical area of
application of hydraulics.
With modern CNC
machine tools, the tools
and workpieces are
clamped by hydraulic
means. Feed motions
and the spindle drive can
also be hydraulically
powered.
[2] Press with elevated reservoir
This is an application in which
extremely high forces are
required. Due to the
suspended cylinder and the
tractive load, special measures
are required for the activation
of the advance stroke. This in
turn requires specially-
designed press drives.
A special feature is the
elevated reservoir, which
utilizes the static pressure in
the pressure medium.
[3] Mobile hydraulics: Excavator
On this hydraulic
excavator, not only all
working movements
(linear drives) but also
the propulsion of the
vehicle (rotary drive)
are hydraulically
powered. The primary
drive of the excavator
is an internal-
combustion engine.
[4.1] Structure of a hydraulic
system
This simplified block
diagram shows the
division of hydraulic
systems into a signal
control section and a
hydraulic power
section. This signal
control section is
used to activate the
valves in the power
control section.
[4.2] Hydraulic power section
The diagram of the hydraulic
power section is complemented in
this case by a circuit diagram to
allow correlation of the various
function groups; the power supply
section contains the hydraulic
pump and drive motor and the
components for the preparation of
the hydraulic fluid. The energy
control section consists of the
various valves used to provide
control and regulate the flow rate,
pressure and direction of the
hydraulic fluid. This drive section
consists of cylinders or hydraulic
motors, depending on the
application in question.
[5a] Interaction of components
The animations show the
sequences in a basic
hydraulic circuit in
simplified form - the
actuation and spring
return of the final control
element (4/2-way valve),
the advance and return of
the drive component
(double acting cylinder)
and the opening and
closing of the pressure
relief valve.
[5.1a] Interaction of components
(Animation)
[5.2a] Interaction of components
(Animation)
[5.3a] Interaction of components
(Animation)
[5.4a] Interaction of components
(Animation)
[5.5a] Interaction of components
(Animation)
[5.6a] Interaction of components
(Animation)
[5.7a] Interaction of components
(Animation)
[5.8a] Interaction of components
(Animation)
[7] Circuit symbols for energy
transfer (1)
The symbols shown are
used in circuit diagrams
for energy transfer and
hydraulic-fluid
preparation.
In this mid-position,
the pump is operating
against the system
pressure set on the
pressure relief valve.
[78.3] 4/3-way valve with closed
mid-position (3)
The valve is in its left-
hand switching
position; there is flow
from P to A and from
B to T.
[79.1] 4/3-way valve with closed
mid-position (4)
The circuit shows the 4/3-way
valve in functional
representation as a final
control element of a double
acting cylinder. The valve is in
its mid-position; the pump is
operating against the system
pressure set on the PRV.