IIR FILTERS DESIGN

BY POLE-ZERO PLACEMENT

Prof. Siripong Potisuk

 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)
For N 1, the difference equation is recursive

1 M N

y[n] bk x [n k ] ak y [n k ]
a0 k 0 k 1
If the system is initially at rest, the impulse response
will have infinite duration.

Y ( z ) b0 b1 z 1 bM z M
H ( z)
X ( z ) a0 a1 z 1 a N z N
A Narrowband Bandpass Filter

Also known as a resonator

FS
Pass a single frequency 0 F0
2
Place a pole at the point inside the unit circle
that corresponds to the resonant freq F0
2
The corresponding angle is 0 F0
FS
Place zeros at the two end frequencies, i.e.,
z = 1 (F = 0) and z = -1 (F = FS/2)
 K ( z 1)( z 1) K ( z 2 1)
H r ( z) j0 j0
2
( z re )( z re ) z 2r cos 0 z r 2

r is chosen such that the filter is highly selective, i.e.,

small 3-dB BW of the passband, DF.
(DF )
r 1 , 0.9 r 1
FS
The gain factor K is inserted to ensure that the passband
gain is 1, i.e., no amplification.

e j 20 2r cos 0 e j0 r 2 (1 r ) 1 2r cos 20 r 2
K
e j 20
1 2 | sin 0 |
Example 8.17 Design a second-order bandpass filter using the
pole-zero placement method and satisfying the following
specifications: Sampling rate = 8000 Hz
3-dB bandwidth = 200 Hz
Passband center frequency = 1000 Hz
Zero gain at zero and 4000 Hz.
A Narrowband Bandstop Filter

Also known as a notch filter

FS
Remove a single frequency 0 F0
2
Place zeros at the points on the unit circle
that correspond to the notch freq F0
2
The corresponding angle is 0 F0
FS
Place poles at the points inside the unit circle
that correspond to the notch freq F0
 K ( z e j0 )( z e j0 ) K ( z 2 2 cos 0 z 1)
H n ( z) j0 j0
2
( z re )( z re ) z 2r cos 0 z r 2

r is chosen such that the filter is highly selective, i.e.,

small 3-dB BW of the stopband, DF.
(DF )
r 1 , 0.9 r 1
FS
The gain factor K is inserted to ensure that the passband
gain is 1, i.e., no amplification.

1 2r cos 0 r 2
K
2 1 cos 0
Example 8.18 Design a second-order notch filter using the
pole-zero placement method and satisfying the following
specifications: Sampling rate = 8000 Hz
3-dB bandwidth = 100 Hz
Stopband center frequency = 1500 Hz
A First-Order Lowpass Filter

A wideband filter
Pass frequency components from 0 to Fc,
the cutoff frequency
Place a zero on the unit circle at z = -1
Place a pole on the real axis and inside the
unit circle
 K ( z 1)
H LP ( z )
z
FC FS
1 2
FC
F
S 4

1 2 FC FS
FC
F 4
S

The gain factor K is inserted to ensure that the

passband gain is 1, i.e., no amplification

1
K
2
Example 8.19 Design a first-order lowpass filter using the
pole-zero placement method and satisfying the following
specifications: Sampling rate = 8000 Hz
3-dB cutoff frequency = 100 Hz
zero gain at 4000 Hz
A First-Order Highpass Filter

A wideband filter
Suppress frequency components from 0 to Fc,
the cutoff frequency
Place a zero on the unit circle at z = 1
Place a pole on the real axis and inside the
unit circle
 K ( z 1)
H HP ( z )
z
FC FS
1 2
FC
F
S 4

1 2 FC FS
FC
F 4
S

The gain factor K is inserted to ensure that the

passband gain is 1, i.e., no amplification

1
K
2
Example 8.20 Design a first-order highpass filter using the
pole-zero placement method and satisfying the following
specifications: Sampling rate = 8000 Hz
3-dB cutoff frequency = 3800 Hz
zero gain at zero Hz
A Comb Filter

Has several equally spaced passbands

Passes DC, F0, and its harmonics for a total
n
of 1 resonant frequencies, where n is
2
the order of the filter and F0 = FS/n
Place n zeros at the origin
Place n poles at the points equally spaced
and inside the unit circle
 Kz n
H C ( z) n n
z r

r is chosen such that the filter is highly selective, i.e.,

small 3-dB BW of the passband, DF.

(DF )
r 1 , 0.9 r 1
FS
The gain factor K is inserted to ensure that the passband
gain is 1, i.e., no amplification

K 1 r n
Example Design a comb filter using the pole-zero placement
method and satisfying the following specifications:
Sampling rate = 200 Hz
3-dB bandwidth = 1 Hz
Order of the filter is 10
An Inverse Comb Filter

A generalization of the notch filter

Eliminates DC, F0, and its harmonics for a
n
total of 1 resonant frequencies, where n
2
is the order of the filter and F0 = FS/n
Place n zeros at the points equally spaced
on the unit circle
Place n poles at the points equally spaced
and inside the unit circle
 K ( z n 1)
H IC ( z ) n n
z r

r is chosen such that the filter is highly selective, i.e.,

small 3-dB BW of the stopsband, DF.

(DF )
r 1 , 0.9 r 1
FS

The gain factor b0 is inserted to ensure that the passband

gain is 1, i.e., no amplification.

1 r n
K
2
Example Design an inverse comb filter using the pole-zero
placement method and satisfying the following specifications:
Sampling rate = 2200 Hz
3-dB bandwidth = 10 Hz
Order of the filter is 11